I m Nobody ! Who Are You - 1197 Words

Poetry has always been a mirror to see unseen emotions and to hear unheard thoughts. Magical words used in an artistic way allows the reader to feel what the poet is feeling, to listen what the poet is listening and to share what the poet is going through. The two poems â€Å"I’m Nobody! Who are You?† by Emily Dickinson, and â€Å"We Wear the Mask† by Paul Laurence Dunbar are two classical works of poetry. While Dunbar shares agonizing experience of an entire community, Dickinson shares her thoughts about individual characteristic and personality; in fact, she cleverly wins the case of an introvert. Both these poems are independent of each other in terms of thought as well as from literary perspective. However, the comparison between these two masterpieces shows two different aspects of society and community life. It shows how one community can manipulate other as well as how the society misjudges an individual on the basis of his/her appearance. Although each of these masterpieces shares distinctive emotions, yet both these poems seem interconnected and interrelated. Dickinson shares with the reader her thoughts about affected fame and fake glamour that people love so much; on the contrary she loves being â€Å"nobody†. On the other hand, there is sensitive and frustrating poem of Dunbar who communicates bigoted and biased behaviors that an entire community thrashes on another community. In Dunbar’s work, there are cultural conflict, ethnocentrism, group loyalty, dismay and too many otherShow MoreRelatedI m Nobody ! Who Are You?964 Words   |  4 PagesI’m nobody! Who are you? Are you – Nobody too? Then there’s a pair of us! Don’t tell! They’d advertise – you know! How dreary is – to be somebody? How public – like a grog To tell one’s name – the livelong June To an admiring Bog! The world is full of worries, wonders and rush. Everyone is busy handing their own affairs and business. In this rush, it can be quite easy to get swept away from the crowd and go unnoticed, especially if you are shy and not much of an outgoing person. At the sameRead MorePoem Analysis : I m Nobody ! Who Are You894 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"I’m Nobody! Who are you?† Poem Analysis The poem, â€Å"I’m Nobody! Who are you?† a poem by Emily Dickinson explains that in life it is best to be a humble person than a proud person who need spend their life maintaining their status in front of others. The central focus of this poem is just being humble and being yourselves. By reading her poem she is likely talking about herself also it can inferred she is reclusive and it is supported by Betsy Erkkila in her article discussing about Emily DickinsonRead MorePersonal Narrative : My Dog, Loki1606 Words   |  7 Pages I was alone in my apartment at 8PM. My dog, Loki; an Australian Shepard, was by my side on the couch. I live with my fiancà ©, but he s currently at work. So I m home alone on the couch, waiting for my â€Å"Knight in shining armor† to come home. As I m watching the latest episode of Steven Universe,(Yes, I m a child. So what?) I hear a noise come from the front door. It s too quiet to be able to tell what it is. Loki barks at anything that he hears out of the ordinary, so the fact he hasnRead MoreI Am Nobody Who Are You?1129 Words   |  5 PagesKiara Rodriguez Professor Engel I am nobody who are you? Life is better when things remain unknown instead of dealing with the judgments of others. In line four â€Å"They’d banish us, you know†, Dickinson is stating that if you are not in the somebody circle people will not approve of you (American plain style). This is forcing one to have to live a life of an outcast under the judgement of others. Line Two â€Å"How public, like a frog† by saying somebodies are like frogs (American plain style). DickinsonRead MoreThe Day Of Fate - Original Writing1711 Words   |  7 Pagesve planned and put together for months but it feels like years. Today is the day of fate. I m waiting here for Dyrick to pick me up at my house. He told me 8 am and it s going onto 8:04. Just a few minutes past, no big deal. I didn t think he would back out on me. He desires this as much as I do. He finally pulled up infront of my driveway and said Hey lady, get in. I opened the door and hopped right in. I have a worried but determined look on my f ace. Don t worry, Lisey. Everything will beRead MoreThe Poem The Refuge 1233 Words   |  5 Pagesare, and will be looser. This is funny to say that I was, I am, and and will be great title winner, where nobody loose but I the winner always win. You may think I am dumb and talk about I am being winner is dumbest thing I have ever talk. You can call me whatever you can because I was born with great title that few people in this world had, have, and will have. The title that might get you to know what is that. Let s talk about Bhutan. I think everybody know that country Bhutan that is knownRead MoreStand by Me Cmm Theory1314 Words   |  6 Pagesmanaged to mature in to an independent and confident individual. In the beginning of the film, he had been described, by himself, as a weird guy, since he wasn’t like his late brother, who was the favorite. He loved writing and was good at it, but the unfortunate reality he was in was comparison from his parents, who would rather have a popular kid with ‘normal’ friends later, made him diss his own passion. And this practice developed and later on gave him enough fright to accept his invisibility. Read MoreThe Curious Incident Of The Dog1062 Words   |  5 PagesThere are no normal people in today’s society; everyone is craving to be different and it’s becoming more acceptable as time goes on. Nobody is normal because of a change in society’s values, diverging needs, and cultural/religious differences. Thr oughout this essay you will gain an understanding of a fresh, new viewpoint used in order to prove that nobody is normal. Nobody is normal because of a change in society’s values of what’s important. Centuries ago, society had totally different ideas regardingRead MoreBias Is Prejudice Toward Biased Language1522 Words   |  7 Pagesresponsibility of everyone to become conscious of and write without bias. The following guideline will help you to accomplish this objective. When writing, avoid using offensive terms when referring to an individual or group of people. Not: They have hired more broads this year than men. Nobody used to hire micks around here. But: They have hired more women this year than men. Nobody used to hire individuals around here of Irish descent. Moreover, realize that terms once considered to beRead MoreThe Night That Was Not Accepted1660 Words   |  7 Pageslike a light bulb. There they were, Shaniqua was not even backing a thing. She was the one out like a cheetah seeing it s food. â€Å"Finally† Shay Shay said. She was all happy that they were out, â€Å"I was the only one paying the bills, buying foods, blankets, pillows, everything you could possibly think of that you needed something in a home for people to stay alive. Shay Shay was not at all happy that night. The night was 6-8-16. It was 4 days before Shay Shay’s birthday. She was not planning on celebrating

Teens and Sex Free Essays

Persuasive Essay Teens and Sex Word Count: 871 Revised Persuasive Essay Teens and Sex The sexual activity of adolescences in America today is a critical issue that seems to be growing rapidly. With the mass media promoting almost every aspect of sex, teen sexuality has become one of the most important issues in our society. As society has entered into the age of â€Å"sexual revolution† in the twentieth century, children have grown more susceptible to the idea of sex. We will write a custom essay sample on Teens and Sex or any similar topic only for you Order Now Regardless of parental guidance and educational programs, teenagers are still very curious. Curiosity about sex and sexual activity is natural, but the lack of concern for consequences and irresponsible activity is dangerous. The increasing issue of adolescent sexual activity could have a powerful affect on their future, which includes sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), teen pregnancy, and even emotional instability. Curiosity about sexual activity is natural, but is the act normal in adolescents? Researchers have revealed that teenage sexual activity can expose new levels of intimacy; therefore, valuable lessons may be learned and different perspectives may develop, necessary for the understanding of the act. This knowledge becomes practical later in life when meaningful lifelong commitments arise (Zorn, E. , 1998, July 20). Sexuality is complicated amongst adolescents, yet the knowledge about love, respect, and the experience may result in wiser decisions as adults. The fact is adolescents are looking to the adults in their lives for guidance, restrictions, and values. Teenage sex is normal; however, sometimes the act is a mistake and could change a life forever. This year 3 million sexually active teens, approximately 25%, are infected with a STD. About one-quarter of all new cases, occur in teenagers (Mayer, B. , 2005). The statistics indicate that sexual transmitted diseases infect over 8,000 teenagers everyday. STDs in sexually active teenagers produce astonishing statistics, which should be used in every phase of the educational process. With statistics at hand and deadly viruses on the rise, teenagers and their educators need to concentrate on the studies that are available to them. In 1994, the Journal f the American Medical Women’s Association conducted a study which illustrated that, out of 25 reporting states, 193 teens between the ages of 15 and 19 had contracted the Human Immunodeficiency Virus or better known today as the HIV virus. The same study was conducted again in 1998, with the same 25 reporting states and showed that 418 teens had contracted this fatal virus (â€Å"A Really Scary Adolescent Worry: HIV. †, 2001, August 6). This particular study demonstrated that the number of infected teens had more then doubled within a four-year span. This article is a freighting source that could keep teens consciously considering their decisions regarding sexual activities. There is a concern with not only STDs but also a concern for â€Å"kids raising kids†. Sexually active adolescences take a risk of becoming parents themselves. Teen pregnancy can complicate a young girl’s future hopes, dreams, and goals. A young girl who has a child before graduating from high school is less likely to complete school than one who does not have a child (Annie E. Casey Foundation, 2002). Anyone without a high school education in today’s society will find that obtaining a job with good wages and benefits is difficult. Young parents often have to depend on the means of others for the help needed in raising their children. Whether the support needed is financial or emotional, someone has to compensate for the mistakes of kids having kids. Social welfare, a government-funded program, can be an alternative for young parents with financial barriers. Looking at the broader spectrum and statistics, we may find that American citizens are likely to pay for the undereducated and underprivileged adolescences with children. Society needs to protect teenagers from the risk of premature parenthood, and we need to protect the children they would struggle to raise. In addition to its role in promoting teen pregnancy and the current epidemic of STDs, early sexual activity is a substantial factor in undermining the emotional well-being of American teenagers (Rector, R. , Johnson, K. , Noyes L. , 2005). Sexually active teens have an emotional instability, which could be one cause of teen suicide increases. Most sexually active teenagers have a sense of regret in their decision to have intercourse with the majority wishing they had waited until they were older. Depression amongst sexually active teens could have come from the thought of multiple partners, a STD that they had contracted, or an abortion a young girl had to go through. There is a variety of causes for depression in teens, but sexual activity is one cause that with education, parental guidance, and abstinence could be reduced. Sexual activity in adolescences is an essential concern that society needs to address. With the masses behind the promotion of sex and the miscommunication about sex to teenagers gives society a task that seems impossible. Educational programs that promote contraception are not enough with teenagers’ intense interest. Contraception will not prevent the physical and psychological effects surrounding sexually active teens. Several ways to limit sexually transmitted diseases, pregnancies, and emotional instabilities in adolescents today is not only powerful parental reinforcement and intense sexual education programs, but also encouraging the idea of abstinence. When exposing all three preventative elements, adolescents should become more aware and reluctant to their sexual surroundings. References Annie E. Casey Foundation. (2002). The facts of teen pregnancy: An overview. In M. H. Immell (Ed. ), Greenhaven Press, 7. Retrieved December 1, 2005 from Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center database. Maher, B. (2005). Abstinence is the best message for teens. In C. Watkins (Ed. ), Greenhaven Press, 1. Retrieved December 1, 2005 from Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center database. A really scary adolescent worry: HIV. 2001, August 6). U. S. News World Report 131, 6. Retrieved December 1, 2005 from Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center database. Rector, R. E. , Johnson, K. A. Noyes, L. R. (2005). Sexually active teens are more likely to commit suicide. In J. Woodward (Ed. ), Greenhaven Press, 10. Retrieved December 1, 2005 from Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center database. Zorn, E. (1998, July 20). Premarital teen sex is normal. In T. L. Roleff (Ed. ) , Greenhaven Press, 15. Retrieved December 15, 2005 from Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center database. How to cite Teens and Sex, Essay examples

On The Road Essay Thesis Example For Students

On The Road Essay Thesis Jack Kerouac is considered a legend in history as one of Americas best and foremost Beat Generation authors. The term Beat or Beatnic refers to the spontaneous and wandering way of life for some people during the period of postwar America, that seemed to be induced by jazz and drug-induced visions. On the Road was one such experience of Beatnic lifestyle through the eyes and heart of Jack Kerouac. It was a time when America was rebuilding after WW I. Describing the complexity and prosperity of the postwar society was not Karouacs original intent. However, this book described it a way everyone could visualize. It contained examples and experiences of common people looking for new and exciting experiences and most of all, the unknown. America, at the time, had very few vehicle accessible roads that stretched across the entire nation. Route 66 was one that did and, it still exists today in parts of the west. The road led them to new places and people with different views and cultures and this is a prime example of what most people had the desire to do during that era, expand their horizons. Kerouac along with friends, Dean Moriarty and Sal Paradise, combed America from New York to California and from Mexico to Colorado, describing their experiences along the way. From the jazz clubs in New Orleans to the whorehouses in Mexico, their experiences in the places and with the people they encountered will leave the reader in awe.On the Road was the most popular book Karouac ever wrote. According to Gary Snyder, a poet of the era, its description of Dean Moriarty, Jacks friend, was a depiction on the energy of the archetypal* west, the energy of the frontier, still coming down. Cassady is the cowboy crashing, is a most accurate example of American societys fascination with the cowboy lifestyle and how it eventually dwindled. Karouac describes these places and their short adventures, in a very different but detailed manner according to his perspective. Some lavish and fun, some corrupt and dangerous, but all very interesting. It describes the environment of several locations throughout the nation during this period of postwar America with great accuracy. This is a fantastic, documentary-type novel that will leave the reader considerably more informed about what was happening in society during that era along with a better understanding of why so many people were drawn to the search of a new frontier.Although they referred to their journeys as spiritual, Karouac had a difficult time convincing his critics of such a description. Though they rushed back and forth across the country on the slightest whim, getting their kicks along the way, their real journey was toward self realization and inner understanding. They seemed to cross most boundaries, legal and moral, but it was only in hopes of finding a belief on the other side. On the Road could be considered an American classic along with such books as Mark Twains Huckleberry Finn, and Scott Fitzgeraldss The Great Gatsby. These are great novels describing the exploration of personal freedom and the challenges society faced in order to achieve the American Dream.

THE PHOENICIAN WOMEN Essay Example For Students

THE PHOENICIAN WOMEN Essay A monologue from the play by Euripides NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from The Plays of Euripides in English, vol. ii. Trans. Shelley Dean Milman. London: J.M. Dent Sons, 1922. JOCASTA: Believe me, O Eteocles my son,Old age is not by wretchedness aloneAttended: more discreetly than rash youthExperience speaks. Why dost thou woo ambition,That most malignant goddess? O forbear!For shes a foe to justice, and hath enteredFull many a mansion, many a prosperous city,Nor left them till in ruin she involvesAll those who harbour her: yet this is sheOn whom thou doatst. Twere better, O my son,To cultivate equality, who joinsFriends, cities, heroes, in one steadfast leagueFor by the laws of nature, through the worldEquality was stablished: but the wealthyFinds in the poorer man a consant foe;Hence bitter enmity derives its source.Equality, among the human race,Measures, and weights, and numbers hath ordained:Both the dark orb of night and radiant sunTheir annual circuits equally perform;Each, free from envy, to the other yieldsAlternately; thus day and night affordTheir services to man. Yet wilt not thouBe satisfied to keep an equal portionOf these domains, and to thy brother giveHis due. Where then is justice? Such respectAs sober reason disapproves, why payst thouTo empire, to oppression crowned with triumph?To be a public spectacle thou deemstWere honourable. Tis but empty pride.When thou hast much already, why submitTo toils unnumbered? Whats superfluous wealthBut a mere name? Sufficient to the wiseIs competence: for man possesses naughtWhich he can call his own. Though for a timeWhat bounty the indulgent gods bestowWe manage, they resume it at their will:Unstable riches vanish in a day.Should I to thee th alternative proposeEither to reign, or save thy native land,Couldst thou reply that thou hadst rather reign?But if he conquer, and the Argive spearsOerpower the squadrons who from Cadmus spring,Thou wilt behold Thebes taken, wilt beholdOur captive virgins ravished by the foe:That empire which thou seekst will prove the baneOf thy loved country; yet thou still persiststIn mischievous ambitions wild career.Thus far to thee. And now to you I speak,O Polynices; favours most unwiseAre those Adrastus hath on you bestowed,And with misjudging fury are you comeTo spread dire havoc oer your native land.If you (which may the righteous gods avert!)This city take, how will you rear the trophiesOf such a battle? How, when you have laidYour country waste, th initiatory ritesPerform, and slay the victims? On the banksOf Inachus displayed, with what inscriptionAdorn the spoilsFrom blazing Thebes these shieldsHath Polynices won, and to the godsDevoted? Never, O my son, through GreeceMay you obtain such glory. But if youAre vanquished and Eteocles prevail,To Argos, leaving the ensanguined fieldStrewn with unnumbered corses of the slain,How can you flee for succour? Twill be saidBy some malignant tongue: A curst allianceIs this which, O Adrastus, thou hast formed:We to the nuptials of one virgin oweOur ruin. You are hastening, O my son,Into a twofold mischief: losing allThat you attempt, and causing your brave friendsTo perish. O my son s, this wild excessOf rage, with joint occurrence, lay aside.By equal folly when two chiefs inspiredTo battle rush, dire mischief must ensue. We will write a custom essay on THE PHOENICIAN WOMEN specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now

AN EXPLANATION OF DEATH CERTIFICATES essays

AN EXPLANATION OF DEATH CERTIFICATES essays AN EXPLANATION OF DEATH CERTIFICATES The cause of death may vary, depending on each observer's viewpoint of the situation. The trauma surgeon who is unsuccessful in controlling bleeding from a laceration in an auto crash victim might perceive hemorrhage as the cause of death. To the pathologist who conducts the autopsy, the cause of that person's death might be blunt force trauma. To an epidemiologist who studies mortality patterns, automobile accident might constitute the cause of death. Such varied viewpoints made it necessary for me to acquire knowledge in this area. The Coroner would formulate and put into words a cause of death for a death certificate, an autopsy report, or other medical documents using a format similar to the cause of death section on the death certificate and I transferred this information to the certificate. To foster a viewpoint of the cause of death, the Coroner has to maintain concepts and certain terms in a manner that is clear to all readers. The emphasis on definitions seemed excessive, but it was important to provide clarity regarding causes of death. Causes of death, whether appearing on death certificates or elsewhere, are collected and used by governmental, public health, or other agencies for scientific study, decision making, planning, legislative change, or research and public health funding prioritization. It was therefore important that cause of death determinations be approached consistently, and that cause of death statements be meaningful. Concepts, definitions, and instructions had to be designed to achieve such goals. The term cause of death is used in the specific context of the death certificate format for indicating why a person has died, whether the cause of death is actually written or spoken. When the Coroner indicated the cause of death on a death certificate and signed the certificate attesting to the cause of death he then became referred ...

Learn More about the Bright Star Sirius

Learn More about the Bright Star Sirius Sirius, also known as the Dog Star, is the brightest star in our night-time sky. Its also  the sixth closest star to Earth, at a distance of  8.6 light-years. (A light-year is the distance that light travels in a year). The name Sirius comes from the ancient Greek word for scorching and it has fascinated observers throughout human history because of its brightness and colorful twinkling. Astronomers began seriously studying Sirius in the 1800s, and continue to do so today. It is usually noted on star maps and charts as alpha Canis Majoris, the brightest star in the constellation Canis Major (the Big Dog).  Sirius is visible from most parts of the world (except for very northerly or southerly regions), and can sometimes be seen during the day if conditions are right.   The Science of Sirius The astronomer Edmond Halley observed Sirius in 1718 and determined its proper motion (that is, its actual motion through space). More than a century later, astronomer William Huggins measured the  actual velocity  of Sirius by taking a spectrum of its light, which revealed data about its speed. Further measurements showed that this star is actually moving toward the Sun at a velocity of about 7.6 kilometers per second.   Astronomers long suspected that Sirius might have a companion star. It would be hard to spot since Sirius itself is so bright. But, they kept looking for it. In 1844, F.W. Bessel used analysis of its motion to determine that Sirius really did have a companion. That discovery was finally confirmed by telescope observations in 1862. The companion is called Sirius B, and it is the first white dwarf  (an aged type of star) with a spectrum to show a gravitational redshift as predicted by the general theory of relativity.   There are stories floating around that some early civilizations saw this companion without the aid of a telescope. It would have been very hard to see unless the companion was very bright. So, its not clear what the ancients saw. However, current scientists are quite interested in learning more about Sirius A and B. More recent observations with Hubble Space Telescope have measured both of the stars, and revealed that Sirius B is only about the size of Earth, but has the mass close to that of the Sun.   Comparing Sirius Itself to the Sun Sirius A, which is what we see with the naked eye, is about twice as massive as our Sun. It is also 25 times more luminous than our star. Over time, and as it gets closer to the solar system in the far distant fugure, it will also increase in brightness. Thats part of its evolutionary path.  While our Sun is about 4.5 billion years old, Sirius A and B are thought to be no more than 300 million years old and so their story is yet to be told. Why is Sirius Called the Dog Star?   This star has earned the name Dog Star from an interesting time in Earths past. One reason its called that is that its the brightest star in Canis Major. However, theres a more interesting idea about its name: it was also incredibly important to stargazers in the ancient world for its prediction of seasonal change. For example, in the time of the Pharoahs in Egypt, people watched for Sirius to rise just before the Sun did. That marked the season when the Nile would flood, and bathe the nearby farms with mineral-rich silt.  The Egyptians made a ritual of looking for Sirius at the right time- it was that important to their society. The rumor goes that this time of year, typically late summer, came to be known as the Dog Days of summer, particularly in Greece, when people began looking for the Dog star just before sunrise. The Egyptians and Greeks werent the only ones interested in this star. Ocean-going explorers also used it as a celestial marker, helping them navigate around the worlds seas. For example, to the Polynesians, who have been accomplished navigators for centuries, Sirius was known as Aa and it was part of a complex set of navigational star lines the islanders used to voyage up and down the Pacific between Tahitian islands and Hawaii.   Today, Sirius is a favorite of stargazers, and enjoys many mentions in science fiction, song titles, and literature. It appears to twinkle madly, although thats really a function of its light passing through Earths atmosphere, particularly when the star is low on the horizon.      Edited and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Nutrition assessment in older adults Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Nutrition assessment in older adults - Essay Example s defined as â€Å"faulty or inadequate nutritional status; undernouishment characterized by insufficient dietary intake; poor appetite, muscle wasting and weight loss† (Chen et al, 2001: 131). Malnutrition in the elderly can lead to disability, functional dependency, higher morbidity, mortality, immune dysfunction, greater demand for health care resources and reduced quality of life. Among hospitalized older adults there is also delayed recovery and increased complications (McCall & Cotton, 2001: 137). According to The National Service Framework for Older People in England and Wales, nutrition risk screening or assessment tools help to identify those with nutritional concerns, in order to develop appropriate nutrition care plans (DoH, 2001: 54). Without adequate interventions, malnutrition can cause a steady decline in the well-being, quality of life and life-expectancy of elderly individuals. The Research Statement: This paper proposes to study the requirement for nutritional assessment among older adults, compare and contrast two nutritional assessment strategies: Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) and Mini Nutrition Assessment (MNA); and evaluate how a nurse may utilise these tools to assess elderly patients. The lack of formalised and consistent nutritional assessment for older adults, along with the need to improve nursing knowledge has been recognized by the Senior Nurse and Midwifery Advisory Council (SNMAC 2001) in its audit of standards for older people (Bailey, 2006: 20). The author found from research that few nursing staff had received formal training in the specific nutritional needs of older people, and there was a lack of assessment and planned care. The need for systematic screening is emphasized because of compelling evidence that malnourishment is neither fully recognized nor treated in hospitals. Treating malnutrition can improve outcomes for hospitalized and unwell elderly individuals. Malnutrition and its debilitating outcomes

The Ethics of Research Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Ethics of Research - Article Example The research in the article followed an ethical context because the two authors gave credit to all the authors of the data that he relied on to construct the graphical analysis presented in the paper (Dolnicar & Leisch, 2014). Moreover, the authors maintained confidentiality by not revealing the names of the managers used to offer their opinion in the paper (Miller, 2012). Maintaining confidentiality is a central aspect in the ethics that govern research in any field. Notably, prior to conducting the research, the participants offered their consent, and the authors obtained permission from the relevant offices (Elliott, Stern, & Institute for the Study of Applied and Professional Ethics 2007). In my opinion, the authors did their best in observing all the ethical guidelines that have been defined to guide any form of research. It is evident that the authors have given credit to all the authors whose data has been used in the paper (Gregory, 2003). This only indicates that they observed the rigorous research process of research, while abiding by the defined ethical rules. Therefore, they succeeded in this sector (Miller, 2012). Elliott, D., Stern, J. E., & Institute for the Study of Applied and Professional Ethics. (1997).Research ethics: A reader. Hanover, NH: Published by University Press of New England for the Institute for the Study of Applied and Professional Ethics at Dartmouth

Product costing and cost accumulation in a batch production environment Essay Example for Free

Product costing and cost accumulation in a batch production environment Essay As production takes place, manufacturing costs are tracked in the Work-in-Process Inventory account. Every product is made up of three cost components: direct materials, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead. After products are completed, the corresponding cost leaves the Work-in-Process account and is debited to the Finished-Goods account. (A merchandising firm buys its goods already completed and directly debits the items cost to Merchandise Inventory.) When units are sold, the Finished-Goods Inventory account is credited and Cost of Goods Sold is debited. A product-costing system must be adapted to match the environ ­ment in which it operates. A job-order costing system is used in an industry where products are made individually, or in relatively small batches, and one product or batch is readily distinguishable from the other. Candidates for job-costing systems would be custom homebuilding, custom printing, custom furniture construction, legal cases, medical cases, audits, and research projects. A process-costing system is employed in an environment at the other end of the continuum: the mass production of like units. Users might include manufacturers of chemicals, gasoline, and microchips. This topic is discussed fully in Chapter 4. 4.ACCUMULATING COSTS IN A JOB-ORDER COSTING SYSTEM A job-cost record is used to accumulate the actual direct materials, actual direct labor, and applied manufacturing overhead costs for each job. The recording of costs on this record and in the general ledger is triggered by various source docu ­ments. Material requisition forms authorize the transfer of direct materials from the warehouse to production. In many firms, the requisitions are based on a bill of materials that lists all of the materials (e.g., parts) needed. Supply chain—the flow of all goods, services, and information into and out of the organization. The supply chain often has ramifications for materials, as manufacturers work with vendors to achieve improved delivery schedules and reductions in material cost. Time records are used to gather the amount of direct labor worked on a specific job. Manufacturing overhead is entered on the job-cost record in the form of applied (i.e., estimated) overhead. Source documents, such as invoices for factory insurance and schedules for factory depreciation, trigger a general-ledger entry that debits the Manufacturing Overhead account. 5.OVERHEAD APPLICATION Overhead accounting involves a number of steps. Chapter 3 focuses on the final step: the application of overhead to jobs and products. Although overhead cannot be directly traced to the product, the use of an application rate should allocate an equitable amount of cost to each job (known as overhead application). Step 1: Set a predetermined overhead rate at the beginning of the accounting period. This is done by dividing the periods estimated (budgeted) overhead by the periods estimated number of cost-driver units. Step 2: Use the predetermined overhead rate to apply an equitable portion of overhead to each job. As the actual number of cost-driver units used on a job becomes known, it is multiplied by the predetermined overhead rate. Actual overhead costs incurred during the year are debited to the Manufacturing Overhead control account. In contrast, applied overhead is debited to Work-in-Process Inventory and credited to Manufacturing Overhead. The year-end difference between actual and applied amounts is known as over- or underapplied overhead. This figure is adjusted in the process of closing the Manufacturing Overhead account to zero by either: Charging or crediting the amount to cost of goods sold. This approach is acceptable if the over- or underapplication is small or if most of the products made during the period have been sold. Prorating the amount among work in process, finished goods, and cost of goods sold. Teaching Tip: Emphasize that under- and overapplied overhead is the difference between actual and applied overhead, not actual and budgeted overhead. The budgeted figure is used solely in the determination of the predetermined rate. 6. EXTENDED ILLUSTRATION OF JOB COSTING As noted earlier, the Work-in-Process Inventory account contains charges for direct materials used, direct labor, and applied manufacturing overhead. Period costs are expensed and not charged to Manufacturing Overhead. A sale requires two journal entries: one to record the sales revenue and another to transfer the goods cost from Finished-Goods Inventory to Cost of Goods Sold. Teaching Tip: Although the text illustration appears relatively complicated, it is simply presenting the details that accompany the flow of goods (and costs) from work in process, to finished goods, to cost of goods sold. 7.FINANCIAL SCHEDULES FOR MANAGERS The schedule of cost of goods manufactured details the activity in the Work-in-Process account (beginning balance, direct materials used, direct labor, applied overhead, and ending balance). The schedule of cost of goods sold details the activity in the Finished- Goods Inventory account. It is similar to the cost-of-goods-sold schedule as shown in financial accounting courses for merchandising companies, except the purchases amount is replaced with cost of goods manufactured. 8.FURTHER ASPECTS OF OVERHEAD APPLICATION Actual and normal costing Accountants prefer predetermined application rates, which are used in a normal-costing system. Such rates help to smooth product costs over time and allow users to cost products/jobs upon completion. In contrast, users of actual-costing systems derive an actual overhead rate at the end of the accounting period. Product-cost information to management is therefore delayed. Choosing an appropriate cost driver Direct labor has been a very common and appropriate cost driver. Past processes were labor intensive, and products incurring more labor often produced higher amounts of manufacturing overhead. Today, many processes are automated and less dependent on labor. Thus, firms now use machine hours, process time, throughput (cycle) time (the average amount of time to convert raw materials into finished goods), and other measures as cost drivers. Single vs. multiple overhead rates Companies commonly use multiple (rather than single) application rates. With computerized accounting systems, multiple rates are easily generated, thus lowering the cost of producing highly accurate information. A single overhead rate is commonly known as a plantwide rate; multiple rates are often known as departmental rates. Two-stage cost allocation Stage one: Overhead is first accumulated in production departments. This frequently requires the allocation of service department costs to production departments. Stage two: As a final step, production department costs are assigned to individual jobs and products via overhead application. 9.PROJECT COSTING Project costing refers to job costing in a nonmanufacturing environment. Jobs in this case refer to cases, contracts, and/or programs. Costing involves tracking the direct, easily traceable costs and subdividing them by project. Overhead is then applied by using a predetermined rate, with a possible application base being a projects direct professional labor cost. Technology such as bar coding may be used to track appropriate costs to projects, although this is just one of many possible applications. Service providers, along with manufacturers, are also making use of: Electronic data interchange (EDI), which involves the electronic transfer of information from one organization to another by using a computer-to-computer interface. Extensible markup language (XML), which is web-based and allows users to share structured data such as product order lists and price data. Teaching Overview I begin the topic of job costing by explaining that students should not expect to apply a so-called textbook system to any real-world company, because cost systems must be designed to meet a firms unique needs. However, the two traditional system models, job order and process costing, give users the ability to build-in various modifications for use in actual situations. The major difficulty that students encounter in job costing is the concept of manufacturing overhead. The first area needing clarifica ­tion is terminology, namely: Estimated = budgeted Applied = allocatedIncurred = actual The second area in need of clarification is the sequence of procedures for overhead application: calculating predeter ­mined overhead rates, using the rates, and adjusting the over ­- or underapplied amount. This problem stems from the fact that students are doing textbook assignments where all the information is given simultaneously. Therefore, the question arises, Why use an imperfect predetermined overhead rate when I have all the totally correct, actual data in the next paragraph? It is helpful to be on the lookout for this line of thinking when discussing homework assignments and to remind students how and when information becomes available in the real world. (I suspect this is a problem mainly for under ­graduates with limited work experience.) Based on many years of teaching, I also find that students struggle with the journal entries required to handle a sale. Two entries are needed: one to transfer the cost of units sold from finished goods to cost of goods sold; another is needed to record revenue. Students often forget one or the other or exhibit some creativity, creating a new account entitled Profit on Sale. Be sure to spend a few extra minutes with this issue. After the preceding issues have been handled, students generally are quite interested in job-costing concepts, particularly those who have worked in a family business or who plan to start their own business. Students are also interested in job costing in a service enterprise (discuss something as basic as the activities of a sports agent who represents clients across the country) and the impact of changing manufacturing techniques (such as the acquisition of new, state-of-the-art production technology) on product-costing procedures. I recommend Exercise 3-35 (manufacturing overhead) and Problem 3-46 (job costing and journal entries) as lecture demonstration problems.

Analysis of Birches Essay -- Robert Frost Birches Essays

Analysis of Birches  Ã‚   The discursive blank-verse meditation "Birches" does not center on a continuously encountered and revealing nature scene; rather, it builds a mosaic of thoughts from fragments of memory and fantasy. Its vividness and genial, bittersweet speculation help make it one of Frost's most popular poems, and because its shifts of metaphor and tone invite varying interpretation it has also received much critical discussion, not always admiring. The poem moves back and forth between two visual perspectives: birch trees as bent by boys' playful swinging and by ice storms, the thematic interweaving being somewhat puzzling. The birches bent "across the lines of straighter darker trees" subtly introduce the theme of imagination and will opposing darker realities. Then, almost a third of the poem describes how ice storms bend these trees permanently, unlike the action of boys; this scene combines images of beauty and of distortion. Ice shells suggest radiating light and color, and the trees bowed to the level of the bracken, suggest suffering, which is immediately lighte...

Comparing Levels of Development Between Japan and Brazil

Comparing Levels of Development between Japan and Brazil Within this assessment, I will cover and compare several factors between the development of Japan and the development of Brazil. Japan is a MEDC, which is a More Economically Developed Country and Brazil is an LEDC, a Less Economically Developed Country. The indicators I am about to compare and expand on include a range of factors, from the likes of Population to Area. First of all, Population. There are around 127. 5 million people living in Japan at the moment, compared to Brazil which has a population of just fewer than 194 million people. Population has a big effect on the development of both countries and in fact the majority of the countries in the world because, if a population increases then there are more people to get involved in industry and manufacture. Therefore, more products can be invented or advanced meaning more will be sold to other countries turning in more money for the countries economy. My second indicator is to do with the Environment, more specifically CO? emissions. In Japan the figure is 9. 8 metric tonnes of Carbon Dioxide per capita or person and in Brazil the current figure stands at around just 1. metric tonnes of CO? per capita. This effects the development of the countries because often the effects of bad environmental factors and cause many people to get ill or even die. If people die, this affects the amount of people in industry. The next indicator is Literacy. In Japan, the adult literacy rate (aged 15 and above) is 99% of the population and the same rate for either male or women. Wher eas in Brazil the rate of adult literacy is 88. 6% of the total population. 88. 4% of males and 88. 8% of females. Literacy is important no matter where you come from and the more people literate in a country the more likely the country is to survive and develop because if people are illiterate, they won’t get very far in industry. For instance, signing contracts or cheques are assets required to survive in industry so literacy is regarded as essential in today’s world. The fourth indicator is Transportation, in particular, airports and ports. Japan has 10 key ports in Chiba, Kawasaki, Kobe, Osaka, Tokyo, Moji, Nagoya, Tomakomai, and Mizushima, Yohohama. Also, Japan has a total of 144 airports. 38% of them with paved runways measuring 0-1500m, 57% of their paved runways measure 1501-3000m and 5% of the runways are 3000m or greater. In Brazil there are 7 key ports: Guaiba, Ilha Grande, Paranagua, Rio Grande, Santos, Sao Sebastiao and Tubarao. With regards to the airports, there are over 23 times the amount of airports in Brazil than there are in Japan. There are 3346 airports. 1642 of these airport’s paved runways are less than 914m, 1617 are 914m to 1523m and 87 are 1524m to 2437m. They are 49%, 48% and 3% respectively. The amounts of airports and ports effects the development of a country to a very large extent as industry is where the majority of a countries income comes from industry and without anywhere to import products there would be near to no industry apart from the industry based in Japan. My fifth indicator is another transport based one. Motor powered vehicles per 1000 people. The figure for Japan is 595 per 1000 people and in Brazil it’s 198 people per 1000 that own motor vehicles 198 people. It’s relatively clear that a motor vehicle is quite an essential aspect of life and without any means of transport then life would be very difficult to make industry and development work. My penultimate indicator is birth rate. The birth rate in Brazil is 16 people per 1000 and in Japan, the figure stands at just 9 births per 1000 people. A birth rate is key to development because it all links in with development and the higher the birth rate, the higher the population, the higher the amount of people helping working in the development of their country whether it be in industry or just the development or life. Finally, my last indicator is infant mortality. In Brazil, the mortality rate 22. 58 deaths per 1000 live births with 26. 16 deaths out of 1000 male live births and 18. 83 deaths out of 1000 female live births. In Japan, the rate is much lower. Their figure is 2. 79 deaths out of 1000 live births and that’s 2. 99 out 1000 male live births and 2. 58 deaths out of 1000 live female births. The large difference in these figures shows that Japan is by far more developed than Brazil as the quality of living conditions in Japan are far better than in Brazil as there is less disease to cause deaths. By Conor Thompson

Adult essay

Introduction There are some people who graduate from high school and go directly to work, and there are others who go directly to college after high school. Jack was one of many people that went directly to work after high school. He felt like going to school was a waste of time. After working in the factory for four years he was promoted to a manager. Jack felt like he was on top of the world. Ten years after being promoted, he learned that the factory was about to close down. Now Jack was about to lose everything†¦ his job, his house, and his car.What would he to do now. Jack is not the only person to have lost his job. Many people every day lose their job and have no idea what to do next. They may lose their job due to the business closing down because of bankruptcy, or because the job is relocating overseas. There are also some people who simply just want a change of employment as well as career path. There are many of people going to college for their own personal reasons. They may have been fired, laid off, or just wanted to do something other than what they were already doing career wise.Adults who receive more life experience before going to college are known as adult learners. Most adult learners find it hard to adjust to college classes, after having been in the working environment! Kenner and Weinerman explains that working before college may affect a student’s critical foundations. While dealing with adult learners, an instructor may have a harder time planning assignments for adult learners. The college instructor may need to receive knowledge about their adult learning students’ background to understand how to assign their assignment.Also by knowing the background of the adult learner, the instructor can better know which persons might need extra help and which students may not. People can have fun while learning. Some people can learn different and new things about life through skills learned, as well as used when playing video games. It had been shown that people have learned just by playing games. Learning from playing video games can increase a person actives and engagement. â€Å"One of the advantages of using certain types of computer game in education is their ability, for many learners, to engender engagement and motivation, which contributes to effective learning.Adult Learning Kenner’s and Weinerman’s report says organizational development is necessary to help an employee gain more knowledge in their job field. They both say that Knowles discussed the four different stages of adult learning. The four stages are: †¢A. self directed, taking responsibility for their own actions, and resisting having information arbitrarily imposed on them. †¢B. an extensive depth of experience, which serves as a critical component in the foundation of their self identity. †¢C. being ready to learn.As most adult learners return to college voluntarily, they are likely to actively engage i n the learning process. †¢D. being task motivated. Adult students returning to college attend for a specific goal and the primary component of their motivational drive tends to be internal† (Knowles, 1984). The veterans have it harder than other adult learners. Veterans who may have been in active duty during war time have seen more things than the average person has seen. Most veterans can’t separate the difference from military life, school life, and life in general, after they’ve been in active duty in the military.Tacit theory, informal theory, and formal theory, are three of the ways that a person can design their own learning, stated by Schraw and Moshman (1995). The in classroom studies is a form of tacit and in formal theory. As of formal theory, the method of study is very hardly use of study, from the article of Kenner and Weinerman (Spring 2011). Game Engagement Theory It been said that video games can help a person in the learning experience in l ife. Researchers and practitioners in the field of game-based learning often assume that computer games are intrinsically motivational for most, if not all, people (e. . , Oblinger, 2004; Prensky, 2001). The U. K. is planning to make learning fun by using the video games from the report of Whitton. â€Å"The factors that the theory describes are the following: †¢1. A challenge that requires skill to achieve with an attainable goal and know rules †¢2. Complete absorption in the activity †¢3. Clear goals †¢4. Immediate feedback †¢5. Concentration on the task in hand †¢6. A sense of control, lacking the sense of worry about losing control †¢7. Loss of self-consciousness †¢8. Transformation of time† (Whitton 2011).There are two types of theories dealing with a basic model of learning games. The two theories are flow theories and the theory of androgogy. Flow theories are a part of the component. It types of engagement that can be engage in a level of the state of flow, from Csikszentmihalyi (1992). The means of having a different style of learn of a younger learner is known as the theory of androgogy. Conclusion In conclusion, adult learners have a hard time get back into, as well as adjusting to, the school environment than the traditional college students.When a person has been working numerous years and then decides to return to the school environment, it often is more difficult to adjust to forming a new train of thought. An adult learner may get so used to doing the things a certain way while in the working environment that they lose the ability for critical thinking. Learning can be fun sometimes. A person can learn also from playing video games. Some people may learn one thing while others learn something completely different from the same video game. Reflection I am an adult learner and can relate to what has been posted as well as what I have read.At times it is hard for me to get all my assignment in on time , but I am trying the best that I can. Sometimes it’s hard for me to understand what the instructor is asking me to do and what is required in the assignment for the week. Its major articles in my life they will have me pull from my studies. Things like working (need to make money to pay bills and to survive), family (need to give and receive family support in life), and other personally business. Life from adult living is hard, but to add going to school is harder on somebody like me.With the time I have in my life, I don’t have the time to sit in a classroom setting so I went a different route and taking online classing. I do agree that some things can be learned by games and some things can’t. It shows the basics about how life can or can’t be and how life should or shouldn’t be. Over all learning can be fun at times even that it may be applied to video games. REFERENCES Cari Kenner and Jason Weinerman (Spring 2011). Adult Learning Theory: appli cations to non-traditional college students. www. crla. net Nicola Whitton1 (2011). Game Engagement Theory and Adult Learning. www. sagepub. com/journalsPermissions. nav

Children and exposure to the real world

Children and exposure to the real world In his article â€Å"school is bad for children†, John Holt proffers his opinion that is formed from a very different angle altogether, on the issue of the present form of education as a virtue to children. The author curtly implies that the present mode of learning for young members of society would be more effective were it to undergo radical changes that would see it undergo total transformation if his suggestions are to be actually followed. Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Children and exposure to the real world specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More John Holt states that children would be much better off learning the ways of the world through practical experience rather than sitting in a classroom which he calls â€Å"brick boxes†. The author states that by taking school children out into the world, more specifically to courtrooms, libraries, museums, radio stations et cetera, they would earn more hands-on experience that would enable them handle real life situations as this is what they would have encountered. Conversely, the author also states that what a child learns in the period before they go to school is already a start in education that should be kept up since whatever they may learn later in school may not be of any help, the truth is that home learning and formal learning are two different aspects in that, at home the child only learns what they come across while in school the child will be exposed to a much wider variety of matters that may very well relate to issues that concern the world as a whole and may help in the future in cases where the child grows up and has to relocate to distant regions for instance to work. According to Kirszner and Mandell (2010), we should abolish the fixed, required curriculum. People remember only what is interesting and useful to them, what helps them make sense of the world, or helps them get along in it. All else they fo rget quickly (Kirszner Mandell, 2010). This is not true since if applied to children, they will need guidelines how they may live their lives in this world and this is offered through the curriculum which manages to cover diverse topics. Another issue that Holt overlooks is the fact that people have diverse interests which may not be necessarily accessible to them in his ideal world, for example, if a child is really good at issues relating to wildlife and the environment yet he is brought up in New York, and at the same time another is very good at statistics or mathematics which he can apply very well in the NYSE or NASA and yet he lives in Kenya or Mozambique, exposure to formal education would ensure each child pursues his passion thus living a full life unlike if they were each to learn from what they come across or are home schooled. The benefits of school are much spicier compared to if they went visiting their respective environs as the author states. As much as John Hol t states that youngsters want to make sense of the world and other people as well as themselves, as being the most important aspect of youth, it is only right to point out that without due guidance and support as well as counseling and helping in career choice in the name of curriculum, children will surely be lost to the ways of the world since they may make the wrong decisions all in the name of â€Å"letting them make sense of the world†. Advertising Looking for critical writing on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another aspect that is overlooked in the article is the fact that parents, too, have a role to play in shaping their children’s lives since they are ultimately the ones responsible for bringing the child into this world. This is depicted when the author observes that a child is harassed, taught to be indifferent, that he learns that to be wrong and confused is a crime etc. This i s not completely accurate since the parents, assuming they are there, also play a vital role in the child’s life by encouraging and giving the child the right advice and moral support regarding school and how to go about hardships that they may encounter. Therefore, with the right attitude, the child is able to appreciate all the giving’s of school and life at school in general thus reaping maximum benefits. The author gives an example of an older child helping a much younger one with reading and in the process improves his own reading skills. This may be true but all in all, without the curriculum, the teacher and the school, the older child would not have the reading skills that he already has and thus would not help the younger child. In a synopsis, we can say that the period before school and the period after school is part of the grand plan of life that is linked by the vital aspect of school which plays a vital role in curving an individual’s lifetime. Conversely, they all are heavily reliant on one other since one without the other is like a headless body and they all play important parts in modeling one other. Therefore, if we were to reject the idea of school and let youngsters learn on their own, the impact would reveal diverse consequences. Reference Kirszner, G. L., Mandell, R. S. (2010). The blair reader: Exploring issues and ideas (7th ed.). London: Longman.

300 Movie

The film I chose to evaluate is the fantasy action film, â€Å"300. † 300 is a fictional retelling of the Battle of Thermopylae, in which the Greeks tried to hold off an invasion of the Persian Empire. The author’s message, from a leadership perspective, shows what a group of soldier would do for their king and how they inspire a country. A number of scenes from the film will depict that King Leonidas is a great leader with great conviction for what he believes in. Leonidas has many great leadership traits. Leonidas has all the traits a good leader needs. He has intelligence, self-confidence, determination, integrity, and sociability. Even though Leonidas has assigned leadership, he also has emergent leadership. He is appointed king only after he has been tested by the rigorous traditional Spartan initiations into adulthood. After being inspected at birth to see if he was worthy of being a Sparta, Leonidas was thrown into the wild at the age of 7 and left to survive. Leonidas came back alive to prove to his father, and his people that he is capable to be their king. As king, Leonidas command legitimate, coercive, and reward power like his counterpart, Xerxes of Persia. But Leonidas also has referent power that Xerxes does not. Leonidas’ soldiers liked him and would die for him. Xerces’ army was made up of slaves and beasts that fear for their lives. They are forced to fight, and when they fail, Xerxes becomes enraged and beheads them. Leonidas’ leadership style is both directive and supportive. He gave specific instructions on how to battle against the overwhelming Persian Army and he also engages in combat with his army. After a victory he praises his soldier for their bravery and courage. He respects and acknowledges each soldier’s effort in the battles. Leonidas has high task and high relationship behavior with his army. Leonidas faced many challenges throughout the movie. One example was in the beginning, when the Persian messenger came to Leonidas and gave him Xerxes’ ultimatum. He had a difficult decision to make. His decision would impact the whole nation. Should he give in to the Persian army or should he declare war? As he ponders his answer, he looked at his people, their children, and his wife. He thought about his Spartan heritage and values. Spartans don’t surrender or fear anything. Acting according to authentic leadership defined, he lead by kicking the Persian messenger into the well. His actions show his people that he would not let anyone invade the empire, no matter the opposition. He showed them that his leadership is genuine and he would not coward even if he is greatly outmatched. Leonidas is a perfect leader for the situations in the film. In battle, a leader must have authoritative powers. He must have loyalty and attraction of his soldiers. He must also have highly structured strategic plans for his soldiers. The phalanx formation the Spartans use requires the soldiers to fight as one to be strong. The contingency theory of leadership would define Leonidas as being in a very favorable situation. In a favorable situation, the leader and followers will be effective. As seen through most of the film, Leonidas and his soldiers were victorious in all their battles until they were out flanked by the Persians at the end. Leonidas has good dyadic relationships with his men. He and his Captain, Artemis fought alongside each other when they were young. He also develops mutual trust and respect from Artemis and his soldiers, how could he of convince the 300 men to fight the whole Persian army. He knows that each man is a soldier and that they have heirs at home. They are also proud to fight alongside Leonidas. He doesn’t enlist them and take them to war. It is evident when he met up with the Arcadians. When the Arcadian General, Daxos ridicule Leonidas about how few men he brought to the war front, Leonidas asked three Arcadians for their profession. They responded with Potter, Sculptor, and Blacksmith. Leonidas then turns to his soldiers and asked them. They responded with supporting and confident grunts of courage for their leader. According to the Leader-Member Exchange Theory, leadership is a process that is centered on interactions between the leader and his followers. By having high-quality leader-member exchanges with his men, Leonidas is able to have positive performances and commitment from his men and be victorious in the battles. Leonidas was also able to lead through transformational leadership. Transformational leadership brings about positive change to the leader and to those who follow. Leonidas headed into an unfavorable war courageously so that his people may remain free. After multiple attacks on the Spartans had fail, Xerxes call for an audience with Leonidas. He offered Leonidas royalties if he put down his arms and be Xerxes’ general. But Leonidas thought of his people and his kingdom. His people would have to serve the Persians and if he surrendered, how could he answer to his ancestors. By surrendering he would not be a true Spartan. Leonidas kept his honor and brushed off Xerxes. He thought about his followers before himself. By doing this, even in death Leonidas was able to inspire and stimulate the Greek country to collaborate and fend off the Persian Invasion. In conclusion, Leonidas is a good leader as depicted in the film. He has a broad range of leadership skills and traits, but I believe Leonidas is best at leading with transformational leadership. His charisma strongly warrants him to lead through transformational leadership and given the situations of the film, Leonidas is best to use transformational leadership. Also, the message the film entitles is that one great man or nation can inspire a whole country to stand as one and unite towards a common goal.

Australian contract law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Australian contract law - Research Paper Example Subsequently however, Big Oil Ltd transferred its ownership to an associated company, Best Oil Ltd, in which it has 40% interest and the Portland Council reacted by withdrawing the 50% concession earlier agreed. The issue here is whether or not the Council of Portland is bound by the agreement between Big Oil Ltd and the Victorian Government with respect to the prerogative of Big Oil Ltd to transfer its ownership to another company in which it has at least 40% interest. Under the law, only the parties to a contract have the right to enforce its terms and be conferred a right or be obligated under it.1 This is referred to as the principle of the privity of contracts, which was first established in Australia in the case of Tweedle v Atkinson.2 A strict application of this doctrine in the herein case would mean that Best Oil Ltd cannot enforce the 50% rating concession as against the Council considering that it was not a party to the contract between Big Oil Ltd and the Council of Portland. It is with respect to that contract only a third party. Nonetheless, the doctrine of privity is not a cut-and-dried rule the way recent cases have allowed exceptions to it. In Trident General Insurance Co Ltd v McNiece Bros Pty Ltd, 3 for example, the High Court allowed a third party in an insurance contract to claim against the insurer, but this is because a corresponding provision in the insurance law specifically grants this right.45 However, the privity doctrine is still enforced in the Australian legal jurisdiction and it is not clear under what particular exception Best Oil Co can invoke it. Best Oil’s argument is that it has a right to the 50% rating concession by reason of an implied term because of the stipulation under the contract with the Victorian Government allowing it to transfer its interest to a company in which it has at least 40% interest in. On the other hand, the Portland Council also invoked implied term in terminating

WEEK 5 INTL 6000 - RESEARCH PART 5 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

WEEK 5 INTL 6000 - RESEARCH PART 5 - Assignment Example The current conflict, laden with war rhetoric and military maneuvers, was preceded by mutual tolerance and reunification talks. For this reason, the paper will approach the conflict from the themes of rivalry, reconciliation, and reunification. To determine the present state of the conflict and the roles that regional and international countries have played in it, the paper will seek to argue that the latest bout of conflict has to do with hardline stances, suspicion, and rivalry between the two countries. Moreover, it will discuss how different political ideologies, the recent power transfer in the North, and rivalry between sponsors of both countries have elicited the conflict. All of which have stood in the way of reunification. i. Conflict: This can be defined as an organized and prolonged event that occurs between states with possible input from non-state actors and international actors. It is characterized by economic destruction, social disruption, and extreme violence. Conflicts result from a struggle for existence and man’s innate instinct for aggression. For this reason, there are various reasons that lead to conflict. These are individual differences between nation-states, cultural differences, clashes of strategic interests, and social change in the respective nation-states (Armitage 34). ii. Another concept that will be used is reunification, which is referent to the action of two states becoming unified again following a period of prolonged conflict. For reunification to occur, the state formed needs to be independent, neutral, and peaceful with the unity grounded on national independence and patriotism (Olsen 44). Reunification must be achieved through promotion of coexistence, common interest, and co-prosperity. The two nation-states must unite and believe in the other while also valuing democracy and

What epistemological and practical factors should be considered when Essay

What epistemological and practical factors should be considered when planning a research project. My research project is (Perception of formal and informal care of aging (old) Saudi population) - Essay Example The objective of the research is to investigate the living trends of the aging population and how their care impacts the social arena in Saudi Arabia. The research would require qualitative explanations for them to be able to understand the issue in the social context. For this reason the research epistemology and practical aspects need to be organised. Epistemology refers to the researchers ontology on the existing reality and compares it with theories. Theories have been developed by earlier studies. The researchers epistemology may be different from others or may resemble. It is therefore important to determine the research epistemology which supports the research perspectives. In this research, the epistemology rest on the fact that changing social and economic conditions have given rise to the aging population in Saudi Arabia, which may be explained by empirical research and social theories. According to Bryman (2008) "a theory is an explanation for observed regularities" (p.6) which the researcher uses as stepping stones for his/her own epistemology. For research of the aging population and their perception on kind of care they receive, qualitative approach has been chosen because of social theoretical framework required to explain people’s perception. Research epistemology also largely depends on the underlying adopted methodology, methods, and techniques as well that the researcher chooses for objective evaluation (Love 2001). For this research an interpretivist approach has been chosen. An interpretivist approach is a methodology which involves inquiry of a specific sampling to formulate theories which are grounded to data. In this methodology interviews and focus groups are the preferred method for data collection (Dawson 2007). In this study, theory shall be generated by adopting the qualitative method for which subjective data shall

The Basics of How Computers Work

The Basics of How Computers Work A Computer is an electronic device used for making simple and complex calculations, analyses, storing, sorting, processing and retrieving of data, plotting graphical designs and sketches as well as many other tasks that is always on the increase. Computers range from the very small to the very large. Some are capable of doing millions of calculations in a single second, while others may take long periods of time to do even the most simple calculations. But theoretically, anything one computer is capable of doing, another computer will also be able to do. Given the right instructions, and sufficient memory, a computer found in a wristwatch should be able to accomplish anything a supercomputer can although it might take thousands of years for the wristwatch to complete the operation. At one time, computers were extremely large, and required enormous amounts of power. This made them useful only for a small amount of tasks computing trajectories for astronomical or military applications, for example, or code breaking. Over time, with technological advances, the computer was scaled down and its energy requirements lowered immensely. This allowed the power of the computer to be harnessed for a staggering array of uses. As prevalent as personal computers are, they do not nearly begin to scratch the surface of computer use in our world. Interactive devices of all sorts contain their own computers. Cellular telephones, GPS units, portable organizers, ATM machines, gas pumps, and millions of other devices all make use of computers to streamline their operations, and to offer features which would be impossible without a computer. List the Four Parts of a Computer System Arithmetic and Logic Unit Central Processing Unit Assemblers Compilers Some however refer hardware components as the main parts of computer system, in that case, these are (a) Computer (CPU) (b) Monitor (VDU) (c) Keyboard (d) Mouse Identify four types of Computer Hardware CPU Monitor Keyboard Mouse 2. Name and describe three types of storage devices Hard Disk It is the Main Storage device in the Computer and holds the Operating System as well as other application software installed by the user. It also hold the user files. As such, it is an inevitable part of the computer system. Compact Disk (CD) It is a removable storage device on which data could be stored for use in the future or to transfer data from one computer to another. It is important for storing software, utilities and hardware drivers. Flash Memory It is a modern substitute to the old floppy disk and is of greater capacity than the floppy disk. List five units of message for computer memory and storage Computers use the following units of storage to store data in memory and storage devices:- Bit Byte Kilobyte Megabyte Gigabyte 3. Differentiate between Hardware and Software Hardware refers to the physically visible and tangible gadgets that make up the computer system. It is the parts that the human user touches and interacts with in order to achieve results. Software on the other hand refers to the set of commands stored in the computers memory and storage devises which propel the hardware to work. Software is the intellect that resides inside the computer system and is represented by the texts, icons and graphics we see on the computers display device (Screen VDU). (a) List four specific types of application software (i) Word processor E.g. Microsoft Word (ii) Spreadsheet e.g. Microsoft Excel (iii) Graphic Software e.g. CorelDraw (iv) Media Player e.g. Win-Amp 4. What is an input and output devices An input devise refers to the hardware components through which the human user of the computer feeds in data or commands into the computer for storage or processing while output devises are the hardware channels through which the computer gives back results to the user. For example, when you type text into MS Word, the keyboard is an input device. The user then uses MS Word to process the text entered through the keyboard and the result could be seen on the Monitor, which is an output device or could be printed out on paper through the printer. Here the monitor and printer are output devices. (a) Give examples of each device Input devices include mouse, Scanner, digital camera, finger print reader, OCR devices, microphone, and joystick. Output devices include Monitor, Speaker, Printer and plotters. 5. What is Internet? The internet is a phenomenal development in the computer world. It refers to a global connectivity of computers across the world that could share information interchangeably across the platform. Technically, the Internet is a system of Publicly accessible computer network connecting many smaller networks from around the world. It grew out of a U.S. Defense Department program called ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), established in 1969 with connections between computers at the University of California at Los Angeles, Stanford Research Institute, the University of California-Santa Barbara, and the University of Utah. ARPANETs purpose was to conduct research into computer networking in order to provide a secure and survivable communications system in case of war. As the network quickly expanded, academics and researchers in other fields began to use it as well. In 1971 the first program for sending e-mail over a distributed network was developed; by 1973, the year international connections to ARPANET were made (from Britain and Norway), e-mail represented most of the traffic on ARPANET. The 1970s also saw the development of mailing lists, newsgroups and bulletin-board systems, and the TCP/IP communications protocols, which were adopted as standard protocols for ARPANET in 1982 83, leading to the widespread use of the term Internet. In 1984 the domain name addressing system was introduced. In 1986 the National Science Foundation established the NSFNET, a distributed network of networks capable of handling far greater traffic, and within a year more than 10,000 hosts were connected to the Internet. In 1988 real-time conversation over the network became possible with the development of Internet Relay Chat protocols (see chat). In 1990 ARPANET ceased to exist, leaving behind the NSFNET, and the first commercial dial-up access to the Internet became available. In 1991 the World Wide Web was released to the public (via FTP). The Mosaic browser was released in 1993, and its popularity led to the proliferation of World Wide Web sites and users. In 1995 the NSFNET reverted to the role of a research network, leaving Internet traffic to be routed through network providers rather than NSF supercomputers. That year the Web became the most popular part of the Internet, surpassing the FTP protocols in traffic volume. By 1997 there were more than 10 million hosts on the Internet and more than 1 million registered domain names. Internet access can now be gained via radio signals, cable-television lines, satellites, and fibre-optic connections, though most traffic still uses a part of the public telecommunications (telephone) network. The Internet is widely regarded as a development of vast significance that will affect nearly every aspect of human culture and commerce in ways still only dimly discernible. List five importance of Computer; Data Storage Sorting and analyses of data to get results Ease of information retrieval Accuracy Channel of Communication Write short note on importance of Information technology (IT) towards your field of study (Business Education) Computer can be of immense importance to business education because most of Information technology in real life situation is applied to business and commerce. Modern economic progress is largely attributable to availability and effective use of IT and as a student of Business, Information Technology is of immense significance. Students have to be conversant with both the theoretical and practical aspect of their studies. As a student of business education, being conversant with the practical aspect of my studies and this implies that Information technology should be an important aspect of what must be studied and closely related to. On a different perspective, Information technology is important in the actual dissemination of knowledge in the school system. Business education courses could be equally taught through the use of relevant software and network access to useful resources. This will serve the dual role of making the teaching-learning process efficient and effective on one hand and making students of business education learn a good aspect of real life business situations on the other hand.

Computer Aided Learning: The way of the Future? :: Essays Papers

Computer Aided Learning: The way of the Future? As you look around at classrooms these days you may notice a trend. Computers are becoming more and more frequent each year. Teachers are using the latest technology to run power point presentations, streaming videos, and simulations that were never possible before. It ha becomes the new hallmark of teaching, allowing teachers to do more then ever thought possible. Companies have jumped on the bandwagon, selling aid to teachers and students. You can buy software for just about anything now a days. I know I had software for the SAT and ACT test that help considerably. But when do we have too much of a good thing? This is the debate that companies are going through, as well. Companies now have the choice of using normal human training or Computer-based training (CBT). Both have their advantages. Computer-based Training uses computer programs to teach without aid of a human instructor. Thus, you can get more people "efficiently" trained when they join the company, rather then waiting for the next training session. The premise of CBT, as stated by R. Scott Lawson in "Computer based training: is the next wave?", is an effective training medium. He goes on to say "Since the trainee directs his/her own progress through the material and actively participates by responding to prompts and questions, s/he pays greater attention to the subject matter." (Lawson sec.1 par.3) Also in this article Mr. Lawson describes the process of a CBT. The CBT gives a Pre-test. This test judge how much the trainee already knows on the subject matter. This pre-test helps the program customize itself for the trainee. Also test are taken to periodically to test the progress of the trainee. Another advantage of CBT is the bookmark feature. This allows you to stop and start the training at any time and get back to it later. Also you can customize your CBT program with company specific information, videos, and objectives. (Lawson sec. 2) The hopes of CBT are that the trainees retain the knowledge better then if taught by a human. In the article "Computer training vs. human instruction," by Holly Ann Suzik, Roger C. Schank was quoted as saying, "By and large, [human teachers] stand up in front of you and yak at you. And every body falls asleep. The sense that live humans are better teachers is a nice myth, because we don’t want to change.

Interview Mental Health Counselors Essay

For many years, the role of the mental health counselor has worked behind the seams trying to provide the much need help to special clients, or under privileged families and his or her siblings. The first interview was very interesting, this particular gentlemen was willing to provide answers for the questions asked of him. First he stated that working in the mental health field for 25 years. Held other positions such as child protective services, social worker, rehabilitation counselor, case manager, group home counselor, psychiatric unit worker, and school counselor, (Hunter, 2013). He stated it was an immense and rewarding to assist families with young children or help a disabled individual access a resource for additional support. Personally, achieving the goals of becoming a Licensed Professional Counselor, National Certified Counselor, and National Certified Counselor, and National Board School Counselor have been very rewarding, (Hunter, 2013). He continues to attend workshops and currently working on PhD in mental health counseling education. The counseling theory cognitive-behavioral. By remaining clam and allowing the parent or client the opportunity to vent/talk and give the reason that they are upset and what is needed for them to calm down. It the clients has an issue or concern beyond my scope of practice or expertise. The client’s problem evokes personal feelings that would jeopardize his ethical and objectivity in working with the individual. No new programs at this time. It is extremely difficult as a mental health counselor with the other mandated duties. Group counseling is very important and can be beneficial to many students. Most  school and other organizations in which I work for are receptive to working groups into a schedule, (Hunter, 2013). Family time, vacations, resting, and relaxing, reading, attending church, and listening to music. By making certain that what he or she is doing ethical, morale, and researched-based practices to achieve the best results. The level of clients and students as it give me the opportunity to assist parents with building a strong positive foundation for everyone. This assists them with success throughout his or her life. Assist the student or clients to be empathetic and think about the other individual’s point of view and what can be done to bridge the issues that may be at the center of the conflicts. Assisting school administrators in creating a warm, friendly, caring, and nurturing environment in which all stakeholders are appreciated and valued. The counselor should work with students in need of conflict resolution skills and anger management issues as well as preventing bullying and enforcing the state and national bullying policies. By encouraging students to go back to class and follow teacher’s directions to receiving getting an education will help him or her be successful. Inspiring and motivating individuals to pursue the counseling field as an area of study, (Hunter, 2013). The other person interview was a mental health counselor for 20 years dealing with the domestic violence. The counselor actually could see client’s make the transformation from an abuser to someone who takes responsibility and is accountable for his or her actions. The most rewarding experience is to see a person emerge from his or her comfort zone, try the strategies and to have those strategies to work for him or her. As a counselor, you must be able to sell new ways or ideas to the people you are working with, (Solomon, 2013). It seems as though things change daily in this field, either with your reimbursement agencies or through the state. One thing that counselors are required to do is to obtain 45 hours of CEU’s every two years to renew your license. In addition to those hours, read studies, journals, books, and talk with other to stay on top of the counseling field. The counseling theory is CBT. It is widely used because it is an action theory that required that clients work at becoming better. Assignments are given to the client to do after the session is over, and it works well if the client will do as suggested, (Solomon, 2013). When dealing, with an irate client the first step will always be verbal de-escalation. If this does not work, you may have your partner to  walk with the client because you almost are the source of anger for the client. Also it is never a good idea to be in a building alone with a client for that very reason. Never put your hands on a client! Refer a person to another professional when his or her problem is beyond your scope of expertise. If the client begin to exhibit motions counterproductive to him or her getting better. This interviewee stated that she handles stress by reading, listen to music and sometimes â€Å"shop-talk† with coworkers. Exercise is also a good stress reliever! As for dealing with personality conflicts, she would have to see who is involved, (Solomon, 2013). Once this has been established the counselor will be able to obtain that person to make the necessary adjustments to be civil toward the other. Both interviewees stated in motivating other, he or she would try to find his or her person out of his or her comfort zone. What ultimately makes is accompanied in a mutual search to see who gets who he is and decide from their privacy (Whiston, 2008). Conclusion In conclusion, to my surprise and understanding, as prior interviewee, family issues, and problems have a significant impact upon the decisions being made. This is because blood relations have been for quite some time, yet we must keep all our feelings and emotions aside and give out neutral, justified decisions, which would somehow benefit the person and make the life of the counselor easier in the light of giving decisions for better judgment, understanding, and comprehension. References Hunter, J. (2013, January 24). Interviewed by L. Hendricks Solomon, Y. (2013, January 26). Interviewed by L. Hendricks Whiston, S.C. and Rahardja, D. (2008) â€Å"Vocational counseling process and outcome in S. Brown and R. Lent (Eds.)† Handbook of counseling psychology, (4th ed). NY: Wiley

Michael Moore Loves Rhetoric

Jeffrey Lee Professor Lewis English 2 10 February 2010 Michael Moore Loves Rhetoric One of the most effective ways Moore draws our attention is by using real testimonies. By interviewing Americans who have been wronged by the health care system, he cleverly intertwines rhetoric to create a strong argument for universal health care. For example, after he presents the audience with a logos appeal, an ethos and/or pathos appeal will follow, or vice versa. Like a chain reaction, the appeals go hand in hand, making the viewer feel as if what they are seeing is real and not exaggerated. From the beginning, â€Å"Sicko† relies heavily on ethos and pathos to show that the health care industry is not sympathetic to the medical needs of Americans. One example of this is the story of a man named Tracy who had kidney cancer. His hospital refused to perform surgery on him and Tracy died soon after his wife challenged the hospital on the issue. Tracy’s wife, Julie, says that Tracy wanted to know why a good person like him had to be put into such an unfortunate situation. Here, Moore uses different techniques to get the audience to feel sympathy for this family. When the film first introduces us to Tracy and his family, we see segments of home videos depicting a happy family. As Tracy’s wife gives the interview, she tells an unfortunate story of Tracy’s death and how their health insurance failed them which further grabs the audience’s sympathy. She is interviewed in such a way where we feel as if she is in the living room with us; she seems like a friend or neighbor, and we sympathize for her loss. We are made to feel that his death was preventable. Further, we learn that despite Tracy’s wife being employed in the very hospital that provided them with so-called health care, they were denied treatment even though Tracy’s brother was a perfect donor. Essentially, she was working for the very people who were denying her family the care they need. Through the use of ethos and pathos, Moore makes the audience feel mournful for Tracy, while making the American health care system seem out of touch with common ethical values. Tracy’s story is followed by another ethos and pathos appeal told by Dawnelle Keyes, a woman whose daughter, Mychelle, died due to the low value that insurance companies lace on people’s lives. The hospital claimed that certain portions of Mychelle’s treatment could not be paid for by the hospital. In order to cover these expenses, Keyes would have to take Mychelle to a different hospital. Keyes did not want to do this, and she recalls, â€Å"I just continued to ask them to treat her and they refused†. Finally, Keyes took her daughter to an alternate hospital, but because of the delays, Mychelle went into cardiac arrest and died. After Keyes was done talking about her tragedy, she cried for her lost child. Just like the scene with Tracy’s widow, this scene prompted the audience to sympathize with the victims. Again, this is a clever use of ethos and pathos. Moore also chooses his background wisely in order to appeal to the audience’s emotions even more. Notice when Keyes tells her tragic story of Mychelle, the interview takes place around a playground with children playing in the background. This is an effective way of appealing to our pathos because we are reminded of children and their innocence. Keyes’ testimony further persuades the audience that insurance companies are merciless and should therefore be replaced by mandatory universal health care. Not only does â€Å"Sicko† have many scenes of Americans describing the hardships that insurance companies have put them through, the movie also criticized the way health care workers are forced to work. For instance, Becky Malke works for an insurance company and describes the distress she experiences at her job. Becky answers phone calls for the company and tells the story of one phone call that disturbed her. Becky cries through most of her story. As she cries, Moore slowly zooms the camera onto her face, allowing us to see all her emotions, almost making the audience want to cry with her. This is a great technique for the film’s message here – that even those who work for the health care industry are emotionally distraught by how uncharitable and inhumane medical insurance companies can be. We are left to feel that the current system should be overthrown in favor of universal health care. Yet again, Moore strengthens his argument through the use of personal testimonies that evoke our emotions. As the film progresses we see Moore display himself as the â€Å"common man† in an effort to appeal to the audience the genuineness of his own character – his ethos. He is casually dressed wearing only jeans, T-shirt, and a baseball cap. His message is more acceptable to the audience when he is perceived as an everyday type of guy. The audience’s guards are down. Where if he was dressed in a suit, the audience would surely view him differently, possibly feeling more distant and requiring Moore to defend his viewpoints. Instead, Moore’s stories are believable because he makes the audience relate with him and his storytellers. Another form of pathos used in â€Å"Sicko† is the association of happiness with universal health care. For instance, Alexi Cremieux was recovering from chemotherapy that treated his tumor. Because Alexi lived in France, where there is universal health care, Alexi was given three months of paid vacation time to get well. Moore flashes images of Alexi relaxing with friends during his vacation, smiling in all his pictures. Through pathos, we are made to believe that Alexi is happier because he was assisted by universal health care. In turn, we too are left to feel that universal health care can help achieve our happiness, versus the U. S. counterpart that can only put people through hardship. Furthermore, Moore also uses humor as a form of a pathos appeal. For example, Moore visits a British hospital, which is managed under a universal health care system, and tries to find out how the hospital’s patients pay the bills for their stay. Moore asks a pregnant patient at the hospital, â€Å"So what do you pay for a stay here? † She replies, â€Å"No one pays† with a chuckle. Next, Moore asks a couple walking through the hospital with their newborn baby, â€Å"What did they charge for that baby? † The baby’s father answers, â€Å"You know, it’s not America† and the couple laughs. This is a powerful scene because it mocks the U. S. system in an amusing fashion. It makes the viewer think â€Å"hey those people don’t have to pay for health care, why should we? † Their humorous attitude towards the idea of paying for health care makes the viewer believe that the current system is ridiculous and that the U. S. should adopt universal health care. Lastly, the music Moore uses also ties into the humorous appeal. He emphasizes an issue by accompanying it with a soundtrack. If it is a humorous scene, he will use sarcastic, over the top sounds; if he wants to shock the audience, he plays something more melodramatic. For example, while telling the story of a woman who was eligible for health coverage but was later denied because of a mere yeast infection, when the film got to the yeast infection part, it was followed with a â€Å"buh buh bum† and a crow screeching. The use of these sounds dramatizes the ridiculous fact that this woman was (and should not have been) denied over a simple yeast infection. Through the use of each rhetoric appeal, ethos, pathos and logos, Moore effectively convinces the audience that universal health care is more charitable than the current U. S. system and should therefore be replaced. He presents us with real-life people who the audience can easily identify with. The unjust manner in which these people are treated causes us to sympathize for them. And the facts given to us appear to be supported and convincing. All three appeals are blended together in a way that conveys a powerful message to those watching it. After watching â€Å"Sicko†, it is hard not to be convinced that universal health care is essential. With that said, are you convinced?

The Eyes of the Dragon essays

The Eyes of the Dragon essays The theme of the book, The Eyes of the Dragon, by Stephen King, is to stick to one's beliefs no matter what happens and always do what one knows is right. Don't give up on oneself; anything is possible. King Roland was the noble king of Delain. He was known as Roland the Good. He was, by far, not a bad king, though he was really not a great king. He meant no harm and was successful, but whenever he meant to do great things, he seemed to be unsuccessful. Roland, king of Delain, had two sons and had done his best to raise them without a wife. Peter, the oldest, was much like his father. He was successful at avoiding harm of the kingdom. In addition, he seemed to be more successful at the great things he attempted. Even as a little boy, Peter was loved by the kingdom, and many were looking forward to his reign as king. When Peter was merely a boy, he stood up against grown men for what he believed in. This was why the kingdom loved and appreciated him. In one instance, Peter was passing through the stableyard when he saw a lame horse about to be killed. Peter commanded Yosef, the palace fixture, to stop. After arguing, Peter managed to convince Yosef to give Peter one hour to find a veterinarian. Peter was to prove to Yosef that this horse would not die if taken care of. Just short of an hour later, Peter and the veterinarian returned. The veterinarian listened closely and agreed with Peter. The horse would never be a working horse again, but it would certainly make a great pet for Peter. This was only the beginning of Peter's wisdom and only a hint of the respect he would soon earn. Thomas was a little different. He was very quiet, so no one was really sure of him. He did mysterious things. The citizens of Delain were glad Thomas was the younger son, for no one wanted Thomas as king. Anyone who attempted to, could befriend Thomas and earn his complete reliance. This great weakness caused the downfall of Dela...

List of Types of Disaccharides

List of Types of Disaccharides Disaccharides are sugars or carbohydrates made by linking two monosaccharides. This occurs via a dehydration reaction and a molecule of water  is removed for each linkage. A glycosidic bond can form between any hydroxyl group on the monosaccharide, so even if the two subunits are the same sugar, there are many different combinations of bonds and stereochemistry, producing disaccharides with unique properties. Depending on the component sugars, disaccharides may be sweet, sticky, water-soluble, or crystalline. Both natural and artificial disaccharides are known. Here is a list of some disaccharides, including the monosaccharides they are made from and foods containing them. Sucrose, maltose, and lactose are the most familiar disaccharides, but there are others. Sucrose (saccharose) glucose fructoseSucrose is table sugar. It is purified from sugar cane or sugar beets. Maltose glucose glucoseMaltose is a sugar found in some cereals and candies. It is a product of starch digestions and may be purified from barley and other grains. Lactose galactose glucoseLactose is a disaccharide found in milk. It has the formula  C12H22O11 and is an isomer of sucrose. Lactulose galactose fructoseLactulose is a synthetic (man-made) sugar that is not absorbed by the body  but is broken down in the colon into products that absorb water into the colon, thus softening stools. Its primary use is to treat constipation. It is also used to reduce blood ammonia levels in persons with liver disease  since lactulose absorbs ammonia into the colon (removing it from the body). Trehalose glucose glucoseTrehalose is also known as tremalose or mycose. It is a natural alpha-linked disaccharide with extremely high water retention properties. In nature, it helps plants and animals reduce long periods without water. Cellobiose glucose glucoseCellobiose is a hydrolysis product of cellulose or cellulose-rich materials, such as paper or cotton. It is formed by linking two beta-glucose molecules by a ÃŽ ²(1→4) bond. Table of Common Disaccharides Heres a quick summary of the subunits of common disaccharides and how they are linked to each other. Dissacharide First Unit Second Unit Bond sucrose glucose fructose ÃŽ ±(1→2)ÃŽ ² lactulose galactose fructose ÃŽ ²(1→4) lactose galactose glucose ÃŽ ²(1→4) maltose glucose glucose ÃŽ ±(1→4) trehalose glucose glucose ÃŽ ±(1→1)ÃŽ ± cellobiose glucose glucose ÃŽ ²(1→4) chitobiose glucosamine glucosamine ÃŽ ²(1→4) There are many other disaccharides, although they are not as common, including isomaltose (2 glucose monomers), turanose (a glucose and a fructose monomer), melibiose (a galactose and a glucose monomer), xylobiose (two xylopyranose monomers), sophorose (2 glucose monomers), and mannobiose (2 mannose monomers). Bonds and Properties Note multiple disaccharides are possible when monosaccharides bond to each other, since a glycosidic bond can form between any hydroxyl group on the component sugars. For example, two glucose molecules can join to form maltose, trehalose, or cellobiose. Even though these disaccharides are made from the same component sugars, they are distinct molecules with different chemical and physical properties from each other. Uses of Disaccharides Disaccharides are used as energy carriers and to efficiently transport monosaccharides. Specific examples of uses include: In the human body and in other animals, sucrose is digested and broken into its component simple sugars for quick energy. Excess sucrose can be converted from a carbohydrate into a lipid for storage as fat. Sucrose has a sweet flavor.Lactose (milk sugar) is found in human breast milk, where it serves as a chemical energy source for infants. Lactose, like sucrose, has a sweet flavor. As humans age, lactose becomes less-tolerated. This is because lactose digestion requires the enyzme lactase. People who are lactose intolerant can take a lactase supplement to reduce bloating, cramping, nausea, and diarrhea.Plants use disaccharides to transport fructose, glucose, and galactose from one cell to another.Maltose, unlike some other disaccharides, does not serve a specific purpose in the human body. The sugar alcohol form of maltose is maltitol, which is used in sugar-free foods. Of course, maltose is a sugar, but it is incompletely digested and absorbed by the body (50 to 60 percent). Key Points A disaccharide is a sugar (a type of carbohydrate) made by linking together two monosaccharides.A dehydration reaction forms a disaccharide. One molecule of water is removed for each linkage formed between the monosaccharide subunits.Both natural and artificial disaccharides are known.Examples of common disaccharides include sucrose, maltose, and lactose. References IUPAC, Disaccharides. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the Gold Book) (1997).Whitney, Ellie; Sharon Rady Rolfes (2011). Peggy Williams, ed.  Understanding Nutrition  (Twelfth ed.). California: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. p.  100.