Female Charcters in Fairy Tales Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Female Charcters in Fairy Tales - Essay Example Not all concur with the case that conventional fantasies, for example, â€Å"Cinderella† decidedly depict females. Pollitt keeps up that it is for all intents and purposes difficult to run over a fantasy in which ladies are depicted as â€Å"active, bold and determined.† Instead, in the realm of fantasies, Pollitt (1995, p. 479) keeps up that females â€Å"blend flawlessly into the energized oat commercials.† Indeed, these comments are totally relevant to the Disney film renditions of â€Å"Cinderella,† â€Å"Snow White,† and â€Å"Sleeping Beauty,† among others. In none of these motion pictures do the female characters concede to any activity or even try to shield themselves. Cinderella’s single demonstration of resistance was to go to the ball without her stepmother’s information yet with her pixie back up parent's authorization and security. This demonstration is rarely rehashed. In the shoe-fitting scene, she waits and doesn 't approach until she is squeezed to by Palace authorities. This is a definitive in aloofness since she realized that were she just to step forward, as long as she can remember would change. She doesn't, in any case, and this in itself, proves the way that the course and heading of her life are molded by others and not act naturally. Therefore, inside the setting of Disney’s film forms of mainstream fantasies as â€Å"Cinderella,† one can securely state the commonness of negative sex generalizations. The negative sexual orientation generalizations which crowds can identify in Disney’s â€Å"Cinderella† were not forced upon the film by the fantasy itself.... The negative sexual orientation generalizations which crowds can recognize in Disney's Cinderella were not forced upon the film by the fantasy itself, since, in none of its renditions are females portrayed in this frail, uninvolved and dormant way. In various adaptations of the Cinderella story, the male character doesn't establish any connection whatsoever, and is just responds to the activities of the female characters. In the Grimm form, the activity of the plot is molded by the progression sisters' assurance that Cinderella doesn't go to the ball, and Cinderella's assurance to go. She challenges her stepsister when she doesn't play out the assignments they set for her yet has the enchantment pigeons do it for her. Moreover, all through this story, the occasions are formed by Cinderella's dead mother's soul. She is the person who sends her little girl the pigeons and allows her to go to the ball. In reality, the sovereign doesn't pick Cinderella however both she and her dead mothe r pick him for her as the one in particular that is adequate for Cinderella. It is all similar to an enchantment matchmaking story where the ruler strolls into the marriage trap that was set out for him by the dead mother. The entire plot is a contention among ladies and it is anything but difficult to envision the Prince's character supplanted by another prize representing the triumph of the great over the malevolence, yet it is beyond the realm of imagination to expect to envision the story without Cinderella or the abhorrent stepsisters. The Charles Perrault form of the Cinderella story affirms the view that men, not ladies, are especially on the fringes of the story. The sovereign doesn't show up until part of the way through and the principal male character we see,

Third Way essays

Third Way expositions We live in a universe of emotional change and the old belief systems that have overwhelmed the only remaining century don't give the appropriate responses. (Tony Blair). Do you think Blairs Third Way gives the appropriate response? In this article I mean to analyze the basic ideas of the Third Way and the arrangements it brings to the table on a portion of the significant issues standing up to contemporary British and governmental issues. I will not the slightest bit have the option to do equity in this short article by talking about the Third Way in any extraordinary detail as the Third Way itself has demonstrated to be a questionable subject. I am proposing to structure this article in a manner with the goal that I will have the option to cover three to four focal ideological ideas of Blairs Third Way. So what is the Third Way. Its faultfinders guarantee that its eyewash, drained of any genuine substance. They hold it to be a cooperation of approaches, which are with out any genuin e substance. They characterize the Third Way as being indistinct, a tricky arrangement of precepts which have been taken from existing belief systems on request to frame a mixed up set of approaches. They contend that the hidden idea of the Third Way is not the slightest bit one of a kind, its leftovers can be discovered littered all through the twentieth century where a trade off or a third way has a consistently been tried to the issues of that specific time. Alan Ryan offers the accompanying understanding: The Third Way is an unmistakable and practical political position, however it isnt an advancement. It previously rose in British Politics about a century prior so, all in all it was known as new Liberalism. (1) Keeping as a primary concern that before the approach of the Third Way, the Labor government before its climb to control was depicted has having a non-ideological reason for their arrangements. Steven Wood (an individual in governmental issues at Magdalene College, Oxfor d) says that the Third Way speaks to an item separation with out truly realizing what the item is (2) Proponents of the Third... <!

Research summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Research outline - Essay Example Somewhere in the range of 2000 and 2005 silicosis has been recorded to be the reason for 162 yearly passings in the US. During water powered breaking, breathing in dust is difficult to maintain a strategic distance from and subsequently the vital defensive rigging should be worn to stay away from this. The source is relevant to refresh Gasland subtopic on the grounds that it traces how flammable gas and oil extraction produces silica that contaminate the air causing wellbeing difficulties, for example, kidney illness, immune system issue, lung malignant growth and tuberculosis. Albeit, water powered breaking is viewed as gainful it is the primary driver of death in the US as breathing in dust from such extraction is difficult to maintain a strategic distance from and henceforth the essential defensive apparatus should be worn to stay away from this Winter, Mary. Penetrating Down on Shale Gas. State Legislatures. 39.7 (2013): 8. Scholastic Search Complete. Web. 14 Oct 2013. Earthy peo ple declare that pressure driven cracking is a danger to general wellbeing since it is air and water poison. This is bolstered by an investigation of water in intensely penetrated Pavillion, Wyo. Inhabitants here are said to grumble of earthy colored rank water. Albeit some have questioned the investigation, it was discovered that the ground water contained mixes related with gas creation practices, for example, pressure driven breaking. ... This fits in with Gasland story in that pressure driven breaking dirties both water and air causing earthy colored malodorous water, for example a few examinations found that in the US and different countries where gas extraction is shared conviction water contained mixes related with gas creation practices, for example, pressure driven cracking. Business warms up in New Mexico. Rock Products. 116.4 (2013): 13. Scholarly Search Complete. Web. 16 Oct 2013. Wisconsin place for analytical reporting that consolidates the Wisconsin open radio and the predominant message has fanned out that one fifth of Wisconsin’s 70 dynamic fracking sand mines ND preparing plant were refered to for demonstrations of working without the best possible grants s well as air contamination. Of more worry to the insightful columnists is the way that there are rules and guidelines administering tasks in the mining business and they are being implemented. The mining organizations should be acquainted with complex tempest water, run off and air contamination guidelines and fracking sand mining have indicated explicit negligence for ecological guidelines. Wisconsin affirms that a few mines and handling plants are begun without appropriate grants irrespecting of different principles and guidelines administering activities in the mining business authorized, and in this manner expanding air contamination. Ignoring these condition guidelines have different wellbeing impacts on individuals as affirmed by Gasland film. Krisberg, Kim. CDC discharges national activity intend to forestall inadvertent kid wounds. Nation's Health. 42.5 (2012): 6. Scholastic Search Complete. Web. 16 Oct 2013. Dashing has been perceived as one of the natural perils realizing air contamination close to wells. The US ecological insurance organization has noticed this and has given new air

Colonization and domestic violence: Strategies

Colonization and abusive behavior at home: Strategies The relationship among's colonization and abusive behavior at home is irrefutable given the plenty of insightful and authentic information. The fundamental misguided judgment that exists around there identifies with the conviction that the rough parts of colonization and its related maltreatment lay legitimately at the feet of Westerners or other outside societies and impacts. Aggressive behavior at home, in its numerous structures, is constrained upon men, ladies and kids from numerous sources remembering individuals for their own general public. Notwithstanding the definitions and relationships of colonization and aggressive behavior at home, this paper likewise talks about the colonization, social structure and maltreatment of Aboriginal Peoples including the Maori clan of New Zealand, Native Americans, and the First Nation people group of Canada just as the illnesses push onto the pilgrims by the colonizers. Likewise inspected are the connections between present day misuse identified with colonized societies and its conceivable anticipation. Abusive behavior at home The United States Justice Department’s Office on Violence Against Women gives a meaning of the different kinds of aggressive behavior at home: We characterize abusive behavior at home as an example of injurious conduct in any relationship that is utilized by one accomplice to pick up or keep up force and power over another personal accomplice. Aggressive behavior at home can be physical, sexual, enthusiastic, financial, or mental activities or dangers of activities that impact someone else. This incorporates any practices that scare, control, embarrass, seclude, alarm, threaten, pressure, compromise, fault, hurt, harm, or wound somebody. (2014) The sorts of local maltreatment incorporate physical, sexual, enthusiastic, monetary and mental maltreatment. Abusive behavior at home isn't restricted to a specific race, religion, sex, age, instructive or financial variables. With the end goal of this paper, aggressive behavior at home is classified as brutal conduct that has been perpetrated on one culture by another since colonization occurred. As a rule the casualties are the homesteaders who are exposed to maltreatment in its different structures by the colonizers yet in the long run that misuse moves into maltreatment between individuals from the abused culture. The purposes behind the maltreatment may vanish yet the conduct can last and even quicken through people in the future. Colonization The term colonization originates from the Latin for â€Å"to inhabit†. Colonization frequently alludes to an outside gathering moving into a formerly occupied territory. Since the time man figured out how to travel, he has wanted to vanquish new terrains either by building up a gainful relationship with the indigenous people groups or, all the more ordinarily, by assuming control over the land and different assets through a risk of power or through direct savagery. Colonization can be helpful in the event that it is finished with deference and participation of the occupants. A few districts, particularly immature areas, may profit essentially from colonization by an outside culture. These locales may involvement with an expansion in world information, clinical consideration, financial development and then some. There are cases in any case, that show the clouded side of colonization and the abusive behavior at home with which it has regularly been related. History is loaded up with stories of mighty colonization in spite of the language used to portray it †investigation, prominent area, settlements. As a general rule when a domain is colonized without the express consent of the pilgrims, savagery follows. The brutality may come as an immediate assault or through social mistreatment. The pioneers might be detained, assaulted or beaten into accommodation. This type of misuse keeps going any longer than the life expectancy of the abuser and manhandled. It is helped into people in the future through culture, conviction frameworks and injury, frequently making specific societies be increasingly inclined to the viciousness submitted against their precursors or, more regrettable, become the abusers. Connection among's Colonization and Domestic Violence Individuals purpose on colonizing new terrains or penetrating existing societies ordinarily held the severe conviction that their religion, legislative issues, training and culture were far better than that of the indigenous individuals hence it was normal practice for the new pilgrims to grant, regularly persuasively, their way of life and conviction frameworks on the indigenous people groups. Because of this exertion, the indigenous people groups were required to assume the qualities and culture of the intruders, for the most part because of the danger of brutality. Since indigenous individuals were frequently less taught than the attacking populace, they were seen †and treated †as a second rate society. It is not necessarily the case that the indigenous societies were immaculate before they were penetrated by the colonizers. Each culture has its own extraordinary allowance of faith based expectations and conditions. The distinction might be that there is constrained, assuming any, information or documentation on the way of life of these people groups before they were colonized. Colonization and Patriarchy Man controlled society, the social act of venerating the male sexual orientation as the head of society, including the family structure, can be legitimately connected to colonization and the abuse of the female sex. Generally, societies with a male centric view held little respect for the female sexual orientation which regularly allowed unsatisfactory treatment of females. This treatment regularly prompted different types of aggressive behavior at home. A man centric conviction framework is basic even in the cutting edge world albeit incredible steps have been made to shield ladies and youngsters from brutal guys regularly educated to be prevailing by colonizing societies. While most of the attacking individuals held a male centric view, that isn't no matter what. Numerous indigenous societies are matriarchal in nature, especially the Native American and First Nation people group of Canada. The move in authority from matriarchal to man centric regularly made ladies be seen as sub-par as men were instructed not to regard ladies as they once had. Thus, ladies in numerous societies were seen as meager more than property permitting the male populace to treat the ladies in any capacity they saw fit, including a pattern of abusive behavior at home that would stay set up for ages. As indicated by Kanuha (2002), there are a few procedures for guaranteeing prevalence over another sexual orientation or culture. The first is to persuade the homesteaders that their ways are predominant. The subsequent methodology is to make an outline between the colonizers and the indigenous people groups through isolation including the partition of people. The third methodology of colonization is to utilize abusive behavior at home to control the pioneers. This may incorporate all types of physical, passionate, profound and mental maltreatment. The fourth technique is to assume responsibility for the colonists’ financial assets including regular assets. The fifth technique is controlling the way of life and restricting outside assets of information and data. In certain societies they are allowed to see just media pictures of ladies that were made by men; pictures that regularly generalized ladies. Another type of control is to disallow the utilization of local language and training just as to deny the settlers the chance to choose or decide on their own fates. While male controlled society is irrefutably attached to colonization, it must be referenced that men likewise experienced these equivalent issues. While men may have been viewed as predominant, the settlers were underdog to the colonizers and hence regularly experienced indistinguishable maltreatment from ladies. Colonization and Disease One type of aggressive behavior at home is to deny one suitable social insurance. During the colonization of numerous areas of the world, indigenous people groups were presented to and contaminated to new illnesses brought by the settlers yet were denied sufficient consideration. Actually, a significant number of the colonizers were regularly isolated from the as of late presented locals to shield them from maladies they brought to the district. The conviction was that the locals, unfit to withstand any number of fascinating pathogens, were organically second rate. It was the advancement of world exchange courses just as the craving to vanquish new grounds that urged Europeans to cross outskirts into already unexplored regions. Thus, they contaminated whole societies with sickness, to be specific tuberculosis and little pox, two infections answerable for slaughtering most of Americans and Europeans in the eighteenth and nineteenth hundreds of years. Also, the colonizers would in general carry with them recently trained creatures which included another degree of potential malady to the locals. As the death pace of the pioneers rose, the colonizers had the option to expand their essence and mastery over the rest of the individuals and their properties. Colonization of the Maori, Native Americans and the First Communities of Canada The Aboriginal clans of the South Pacific, especially the Maori, have a long and vicious history of being colonized by Western Europeans. The Maori were at one time the colonizers of New Zealand, assuming control over the island through power and causing the annihilation of the island’s indigenous people groups. The Maori started to exchange with Europe during the 1700s, dealing fish and land for dabs, material and different things. At the point when potential intruders endeavored to attack New Zealand, the Maori grasped brutality and guillotined the infiltrators. They frequently took an interest in savagery ceremonies which prompted a notoriety of the Maori as being merciless savages. The move toward colonization started when preachers showed up in New Zealand with the desire for changing over the Maori to Christianity. The preachers exchanged products for land and manufactured New Zealand’s first church. The Maori started to exchange black powder rifles which made a weapons contest between New Zealand and its neighbors. Viciousness heightened. In spite of the fact that the Maori and the evangelists would in general stay discrete, numerous Maori started to change over to Christianity. Connections among Britain and the Maori reinforced. England wan

Wintery Bookish Travel Spots (And Staycations)

Wintery Bookish Travel Spots (And Staycations) Holiday getaways can be stressful, but they can also be fantastic. Staycations can be dull, but great chances to escape daily frustrations. SOwe need both. Want to get away? As in far away? Ask Hemingway. During winter, it seems the best escapes either embrace the weather or run from it, and polar vortexes flying around these days, both approaches seem logical. Consider checking out Hemingways house and boat in the Caribbean to see his permanent escape from the States (and Europe). Another option: Remember Hemingways penchant for the outdoors, especially skiing. You could also seek to live Hemingways youth, or at least the closest you can get to it, by traveling over   to the Montafon Valley in Austria (as recommended here), where Hemingway stayed in the 20s. Dont have the funds? Check out options state-side. It seems that New York City is the ultimate December destination, so you could technically aim to visit here, hit up the normal romanticized tourist spots, then head on to others. Consider checking out the hotel that Dorothy Parker, famous poet and OHenry winner, hung out at, called The Algonquin, where she met her favorite group of writers, dubbed The Algonquin Round Table. If theres anything Ive learned from A Very Murray Christmas, its that hotels feature interesting visitors. You could also check out Brooklyn in the snow, if youre lucky enough to hit the right weather patterns. This area was one of the inspirations for Ezra Jack Keatss classic kids book, The Snowy Day, an important early venture into diversity in kids books. It would be worthwhile to read this book to your kids, then show them what inspired it. Granted, this is assuming you dont live in New York City, where you might wander around your holiday wonderland every day. Want to find something closer? Consider looking local, no matter where you live. Theres no doubt that local attractions can be the cheapest and most accessible. Of course theres always the local play (Various versions of David Sedariss Holidays on Ice has been picked up by small theaters these days, from Jersey to Virginia and beyond) and the local festival (I want to go to The Great Dickens Christmas Fair in San Francisco so bad!). Sometimes the best way to find events like these is Facebook or (BapabaPA!) the newspaper. You could read Amy Tans essay Fish Cheeks, in The Opposite of Fate: Memories of a Writing Life then find a place that will serve you a traditional festive Chinese dinner, just to honor the effectiveness of this essay and how its helping many students approach the concept of race identity and family tradition in the holidays. Got kids? Want to not leave your house because.well.the kids? Thats okay. Sometimes its good to just hunker down. Consider checking out Jan Bretts website, based on her fantastic wintry kids books (like the all classic The Mitten). The site has coloring pages, printable mural options and games. Lots of things to do with kiddos under your own roof and drinking something warm in a mug.

Fiscal Transparency, Political Parties, Abd Debt In OECD Countries - Free Essay Example

Abstract Many believe and argue that fiscal, or budgetary, transparency has large, positive effects on fiscal performance. However, the evidence linking transparency and fiscal policy outcomes is less compelling. To analyze the effects of fiscal transparency on public debt accumulation, we present a career-concerns model with political parties. This allows us to integrate as implications of a single model three hitherto-separate results in the literature on deficit and debt accumulation: that transparency decreases debt accumulation (at least by reducing an electoral cycle in deficits), that right-wing governments (at least for strategic reasons) tend to have higher deficits than left- wing governments, and that increasing political polarization increases debt accumulation. To test the predictions of the model, we construct a replicable index of fiscal transparency on 19-country OECD data. Simultaneous estimates of debt and transparency strongly confirm that a higher degree of fiscal transpar ency is associated with lower public debt and deficits, independent of controls for explanatory variables from other approaches. 1 We thank David Skilling for participating in the early stages of this project and Alberto Alesina, Morten Bennedsen, Tim Besley, Carles Boix, Bob Inman, Casey Mulligan, Jonathan Rodden, Christian Schultz, Ken Shepsle, David Stromberg, Guido Tabellini, and participants in the Fiscal Federalism Conference at CES, Harvard, the Political Economy Workshop at Harvard, the 97th Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association (San Francisco), ECPR (Canterbury), and the Danish Public Choice Workshop III for very useful comments and suggestions. This work was begun when Lassen was visiting Harvard. He would like to thank the Economic Policy Research Unit, the Danish Research Academy and a Sasakawa International Fellowship for funding, and Harvard for its hospitality. The work was completed under an EPRU-network grant. * [emailprotected] ** [emailprotected] Fiscal Transparency and Fiscal Policy Outcomes 1. Introduction Many believe that fiscal transparency has large and positive effects on fiscal performance. According to the IMF, â€Å"transparency in government operations is widely regarded as an important precondition for macroeconomic fiscal sustainability, good governance, and overall fiscal rectitude† (Kopits and Craig 1998: 1). Both the IMF and the OECD have recently developed Codes of Best Practice for Fiscal Transparency. Fiscal adjustment programs (like some aimed at satisfying Maastricht Treaty criteria) can employ or produce creative accounting practices. Transparency can affect the probability that such budgetary tricks are revealed. In ways like that, more transparency leads to lower budget deficits and makes fiscal discipline and control of spending easier to achieve. However, while such asserted effects are common, there is not much empirical evidence about institutional transparency and fiscal policy outcomes. Some links appear between fiscal transparency and fiscal performa nce in European countries, and between indirect measures of transparency and fiscal performance in Latin American countries.Fiscal Transparency and Fiscal Policy Outcomes 1. Introduction Many believe that fiscal transparency has large and positive effects on fiscal performance. According to the IMF, â€Å"transparency in government operations is widely regarded as an important precondition for macroeconomic fiscal sustainability, good governance, and overall fiscal rectitude† (Kopits and Craig 1998: 1). Both the IMF and the OECD have recently developed Codes of Best Practice for Fiscal Transparency. Fiscal adjustment programs (like some aimed at satisfying Maastricht Treaty criteria) can employ or produce creative accounting practices. Transparency can affect the probability that such budgetary tricks are revealed. In ways like that, more transparency leads to lower budget deficits and makes fiscal discipline and control of spending easier to achieve. However, while such asse rted effects are common, there is not much empirical evidence about institutional transparency and fiscal policy outcomes. Some links appear between fiscal transparency and fiscal performance in European countries, and between indirect measures of transparency and fiscal performance in Latin American countries. Many remain convinced of the importance of fiscal transparency, however.2 The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether a higher degree of fiscal transparency is in fact associated with lower public debt, other things equal. To do this, we extend the career- concerns model of public debt developed by Persson and Tabellini (2000) and, in particular, Shi and Svensson (2002) to include political parties with preferences over public spending. We show that this allows us to integrate as implications of a single model three hitherto-separate results in the literature on deficit and debt accumulation: that transparency decreases debt accumulation, at least partly through an effect on the electoral cycle (Shi and Svensson, 2002), that increasing political polarization increases debt accumulation (see, for instance, Alesina and Tabellini, 1990), and that right-wing governments, at least for strategic reasons, tend to have higher deficits than left-wing governments (Persson and Svensson, 1989). We also develop measures of fiscal transparency and show that recent evidence from OECD countries is consistent with these implications, even after controlling for the effects of explanatory variables from other political- economic models of debt and deficits, and accounting for the potential endogeneity of transparency. 2 On Europe, see von Hagen (1992), de Haan et al. (1999), Milesi-Ferretti (forthcoming), and Hallerberg et al. (2001). On Latin America, see Alesina et al. (1999). The theoretical literature on the causes and consequences of fiscal, or budgetary, transparency is not large.3 In the Shi and Svensson (2002) political agency model that we extend below, voters want more competent politicians in office, as they can provide more public goods for given levels of taxation and private consumption. However, this creates incentives for incumbents to try to â€Å"appear competent† by issuing debt, providing more public goods by ‘buying now and paying later’. In the model, the degree of fiscal or budget transparency determines when and how far voters can observe debt, and thus the extent to which an incumbent can use debt to appear competent. Milesi-Ferretti (forthcoming), on the other hand, considers in a reduced-form model the effect of transparency on government debt and deficits in a regime characterized by fiscal rules, allowing for creative accounting practices like those arising in connection with the Maastricht Treaty (Easterly 19 99). Transparency, Milesi-Ferretti argues, affects the probability that such practices are revealed, resulting in a penalty for not meeting the formal budget rule requirement. Thus, transparency determines the scope for creative accounting vs. â€Å"true† fiscal adjustment, and matters only because of the existence of fiscal rules. Finally, Ferejohn (1999) examines an agency model in which fiscal transparency affects voter trust in government and thus the size of government. In all these cases, transparency increases the probability or accuracy of observations of incumbents’ performance. The empirical literature on transparency is also limited, in part by measurement problems.4 So, in addition to providing a model that synthesizes and unifies several disparate results on debt, we construct a direct, replicable index variable measuring the transparency of budget processes of OECD countries. The index contains variables comparable though not identical to ones collected and ana lyzed in the American states (Alt, Lassen, and Skilling 2002). Further, we use this index to investigate empirically the hypotheses of the model. We find that fiscal transparency is, indeed, robustly associated with lower public debt and deficits, even after allowing for the effects of partisanship and polarization. However, we also recognize that fiscal institutions are subject to change, and investigate the reasons why governments change fiscal 3 Asymmetric information models of fiscal policy have been studied by, e.g., Rogoff (1990), but a direct focus on the role of fiscal transparency is rare. Besley and Prat (2001) touch on transparency in their investigation of the role of the media in communicating information about the government to voters. The effects of transparency about monetary policy objectives has begun to be studied as well; see, e.g., Faust and Svensson (2001), Jensen (2002), and Stasavage (2003). 4 Alesina and Perotti (1996) note that the â€Å"results on transparency probably say more about the difficulty of measuring it, than about its effect on fiscal discipline†, a point echoed in Alesina and Perotti (1999) and Tanzi and Schuknecht (2000). 2 Fiscal Transparency and Fiscal Policy Outcomes transparency. This allows us to correct transparency for possible endogeneity in the empirical analysis. Estimating the simultaneous empirical model leaves the main results unaltered. Finally, many other analyses of public debt focus on the number of actors involved in the budget process. Two conjectures predominate: either there is a â€Å"common pool problem† so that actors do not internalize the full cost of their spending or there is a â€Å"fragmentation problem† so that they cannot coordinate, for instance on a response to negative shocks. â€Å"Actors† include the number of spending ministers, parties in a governing coalition, decentralized units in a fe deral system, or veto players.5 Our model does not make specific predictions about these other variables, so in the empirical analysis we control for as many alternative approaches as possible. The paper proceeds as follows. Section 2 defines fiscal transparency. Section 3 summarizes the career-concerns model of fiscal transparency with competing political parties, deriving results for the effects of transparency, and partisanship and polarization from the â€Å"strategic debt† literature, to guide the empirical analysis. (We present the full model in an appendix.) Section 4 describes the construction of the transparency index, as well as other data, used in the empirical work. Section 5 examines the effects of fiscal transparency on fiscal performance, the causes of variation in fiscal transparency across the OECD, and the possible endogeneity of transparent institutions with respect to debt. Section 6 concludes. 2. Defining Fiscal Transparency Greater transparency eases the task of attributing outcomes to the acts of particular politicians. It makes observers more able to distinguish effort from opportunistic behavior or stochastic factors â€Å"primarily by providing actors with greater or lesser degrees of certainty about the present and future behavior of other actors† (Hall and Taylor 1996, p. 939).6 With respect to the budgetary process, a comprehensive definition of fiscal transparency is the following: â€Å"Fiscal transparency is defined †¦ as openness toward the public at large about government structure and functions, fiscal policy intentions, public sector accounts, and 5 Proposed remedies include delegation to a strong central Ministry of Finance (when there is no problem of ideological heterogeneity) and a form of commitment among coalition partners when there is (Hallerberg et al. 2001). On the effects of number, possibly conditional on decentralization and heterogeneity, of ministers and parties see Kontopoulos and Perotti (1999) and Volkerink and de Haan (2001); on decentralized units in a federal system see Rodden and Wibbels (2002); and on veto players see Tsebelis (2002). Outcomes projections. It involves ready access to reliable, comprehensive, timely, understandable, and internationally comparable information on government activities †¦ so that the electorate and financial markets can accurately assess the government’s financial position and the true costs and benefits of government activities, including their present and future economic and social implications† (Kopits and Craig 1998: 1).7 The literature also provides specific examples of transparent budget reporting procedures: â€Å"A transparent budget process is one that provides clear information on all aspects of government fiscal policy. Budgets that include numerous special accounts and that fail to consolidate all fiscal activity into a single ‘bottom line’ measure are not transparent. Budgets that are easily available to the public and to participants in the policymaking process, and that do present consolidated information, are transparent† (Poterba and von Hagen 1999: 3-4). As features of non-transparent financial reporting, Alesina and Perotti (1996) identify optimistic predictions on key economic variables and forecasts of the effects of new policies, and creative and strategic use of what is kept on or off budget, budget projections, and multi-year budgeting. We believe more transparent procedures have four distinct characteristics. First, more transparent procedures should process more information, and, other things equal, do so in fewer documents. This speaks to openness and ease of access and monitoring. Second, the possibility of independent verification, which has been shown experimentally to be a key feature in making communication persuasive and/or credible, increases transparency. Third, there should be a commitment to non-arbitrary language: words and classifications should have clear, shared, unequivocal meanings. The use of generally accepted accounting principles in some of the American states is a good example of this. Finally, the presence of more justification increases transparency, reducing the optimism and strategic creativity referred to above. Below we operationalize multiple indicators of these characteristics into an index of budget transparency.

Brazil, Soccer, and Racism Essay examples - 1529 Words

Brazil, Soccer, and Racism Soccer was first brought to Brazil by the English, and at first was passed on to the Brazilian elites. As time went on every class began to play this new sport. Soccer became immensely popular and widely played. Many blacks (lower/working-class) found soccer as a way to improve their oppressed lives. On the other hand the whites (upper-class) found it as a way control the threatening lower-class energy. This view of the upper-class led them to create a commercialized soccer, in order to get the masses to play, in a way that ensured social tranquility. (This was both Liberating and Restricting.) Soccer seemed to serve the interests of every type of person. soccer clubs were eventually formed to†¦show more content†¦Here they got to play a sport that they loved, have a job and earned money. These factory teams also formed bonds between the workers, managers and owners. The only downside was that it created a division among the working-class, because these people used the sport and the players to benefit themselves. Soccer became a way of escaping the burden of everyday life, as well as escaping the oppression by the upper-class. In the 1920’s soccer took a drastic turn when there was a disappearance of the elite soccer clubs. There were many reasons for this disappearance, but the main ones were that they were defeated by the lower-class teams, they had less of a pool to recruit from and few upper-classmen wanted to participate on a team with â€Å"black or mestizos.† These lower-class players had finally found an identity, they could be proud of. The History of soccer is explained in detail on the following Website: http://podiatry.curtin.edu.au/worldcup/soccer.html The sport of soccer, in Brazil is considered a people’s game,it started as a white players sport and then moved to blacks. The country had a complex national identity, made up of all different racial groups; soccer was the one thing that Brazilians could identify with. The poor Brazilians found self-worth in soccer much like the lower-class in Peru. For many Brazilians the sport derived from overcoming poverty, the poor turned to this sportShow MoreRelatedThe Culture Of Soccer Is More Than Just Articles1285 Words   |  6 PagesThe culture of soccer is more than just articles written in sport pages, or rumors about players been transferred from one club to another. It includes a bigger picture that covers many different social, political and economic aspects of the game. In countries where the sport is not that relevant, people refer to it as soccer. In others where the sport is very popular and has been around for a long time, it is referred to as football. When it comes to the sport, there are two very different ideasRead MoreThe Correlation Between Current Brazilian Beauty Standards And Racial Whitening1681 Words   |  7 Pagesneed to establish modern day beauty norms and epitomes in Brazil. The first, most obvious, westernized beauty norm in Brazil is hair. The majority of Brazilians have dark, curly hair; However, it is deemed more beautiful to have straight, lighter hair. Edmonds cites in his ethnography, â€Å"†¦the cultural rule seems to be the straighter (and often blonder) the better†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Edmonds, 143) when referring to beauty ideals. Although, most women in Brazil have curly hair, it is considered a â€Å"rarity† for women toRead MoreImmigrants During The 19th Century1267 Words   |  6 Pagesbecause such images no longer had excluding power (Andrews 236). Although such ideologies fell from public view for most of the rest of the 20th century, it â€Å"remained alive and active in the Brazilian consciousness† which is well exploited in modern day Brazil. After the failure to keep Afro-Brazilians subjugated through immigration policies, the white elites’ utilized their power over RSAs to further instill â€Å"racial democracy† in order to blind Brazilians the persevering existence of the racial hierarchyRead MoreBrazil : The United States1506 Words   |  7 PagesBrazil Coming to the United States from Brazil can be achieved with a Visa, but many come to the United States with the plan on not returning back to their country so they end up staying in the United States for good as immigrants. In 1990 approximately one million Brazilians where living outside of their country. Many of these immigrants got offered jobs in the hospitality and service industries in southern Florida, California and northeastern metropolitan areas. Brazilians that are considered upperRead MoreHow Soccer Explains the World2593 Words   |  11 PagesFranklin Foer the author of How Soccer Explains the World: An Unlikely Theory of Globalization is an important contributor of the small topic of the how soccer is related to the world. Foer from the New Republic who writes from time to time in the well known newspaper of the New York Times and the Wall Street Journal had traveled around the world especially the continent of Europe, Asia, North and South America. Going from the top ic of why the Islam religion, Islamic law, and religious paramilitaryRead MoreThe History of Soccer in Brazil Essay3103 Words   |  13 PagesThe greatest footballing country on the planet is Brazil. Brazil is a country that wins 80% of its football matches. They have a record five Fà ©dà ©ration Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) World Cups, eight Confederaà §Ãƒ £o Sul-Americana de Futebol (CONMEBOL) Copa Amerà ­ca titles, and three FIFA Confederations Cup titles have created a football giant. How did a country on the periphery like Brazil become so dominant? What were the patterns of continuity and change that created this footballingRead MoreA Good Friend Of Mine By Jonathan De Souza2036 Words   |  9 Pagesperson feel singled out and leaves them wondering where do I belong. Born in Argentina, Jonathan resided in the city of Cà ³rdoba with his family and twin brother. Though Jonathan and his brother were both born in Argentina, their parents were both from Brazil and immigrated to Argentina in the 90s. Growing up a Brazilian in the city of Cà ³rdoba, Jonathan was naturally brought up learning to speak Portuguese from his parents instead of traditionally learning Spanish. In his home life in Argentina, he wasRead MoreEssay on Cultural Awareness of the Country of Brazil1982 Words   |  8 PagesThe country of Brazil is located in the South American continent, it has the largest country is South America and is bordered by many countries such as Argentina and Paraguay to the southwest and Bolivia and Peru to the west there is Uruguay to the south and Venezuela to the north. It shares a boarder with every South American country except for Ecuador and the country of Chile. The country is so big that it shares a boarder with Peru and I mention Peru because it is located on the western coastRead MoreA Good Friend Of Mine By Jonathan De Souza2570 Words   |  11 Pagesfeel isolated and leaves one wondering where they belong. Born in Argent ina, Jonathan resided in the city of Cà ³rdoba with his family, including his twin brother. Though Jonathan and his brother were born in Argentina, both of their parents were from Brazil and immigrated to Argentina in the 90’s. Growing up a Brazilian in the Argentinian city of Cà ³rdoba, Jonathan was raised to speak Portuguese at home by his parents, rather than initially learning Spanish, the native language of Argentina. He was alsoRead MoreMeztisos: People of Idigenous and European Blood Essay1647 Words   |  7 Pagesteach them how to read and write, farm the lands in a more innovative way, make better tools, and lead a life that was just and pure. Much of this is evident in the movie The Mission, by Robert Bolt. This movie depicts the lives of Jesuit priests in Brazil who establish missions among the Guarani natives, for these very purposes. According to the movie, missions helped indigenous ways of life to become more productive and beneficial to the community as a whole. It also boasted of benefiting the natives